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CHINTZ MISS|55NAP[¥
STATESMAN & REFORMER

QJnrnell Itttoetaitg Htbrarg

Jftljata, Jfem lark

CHARLES WILLIAM WASON

COLLECTION

CHINA AND THE CHINESE

THE GIFT OF

CHARLES WILLIAM WASON

CLASS OF 1876

1918

Cornell University Library
BV 3427.R51R33

Timothy Richard, D.D. :China missionar

3 1924 023 224 946

Cornell University
Library

The original of tliis book is in
tine Cornell University Library.

There are no known copyright restrictions in
the United States on the use of the text.

http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924023224946

TIMOTHY RICHARD, D.D.

//6

''Vn

Timothy Richard, D.D.

china Missionary
Statesman and Reformer

BY THE

Rev. B. reeve

WITH AN APPRECIATION

BY THE

Rev. RICHARD GLOVER, D.D.

TWENTY ILLUSTRATIONS

LONDON'
S. W. PARTRIDGE & CO. LTD.

-RSI K-:-^

Yi V'r'ti^

PREFACE

The materials for this biography have been gathered
largely from two sources — the records of the Baptist
Missionary Society and Dr. Eichard's articles and
memoranda, for the most part contributed first to
periodicals in China, and collected by him in the
volumes, " Conversion by the Million," published in
Shanghai. Other authorities, however, have also been
consulted, as the narrative will indicate.

I have thought it well, in many places, to let
Dr. Richard speak for himself, and his views will
command interest and respect even where they do not
secure acceptance. His opinions have always cut
athwart many current theories. In some cases — as in
the matter of Christian education in China — he has
doubtless only been in advance of his age.

I very gratefully acknowledge the kindness of the
Rev. Richard Glover, D.D., in contributing the
Appreciation of Dr. Richard, which forms the Introduc-
tion to the volume; also the valuable help rendered
me, as shown in the respective places, by the Revs. jT.
Gomer Lewis, D.D., and W. Gilbert Walshe, M.A.

The first chapter owes many of the details concerning
Dr. Richard's parentage and early life to information
kindly supplied by his nephew, Alderman Timothy

Preface

Richard, of Lampeter. The Rev. J. E. Thomas, the
present pastor of Bethel and Salem Chapels, Caio, and
the Rev. John Davies, of Cvvmmorgan, have been glad
to aid me on certaii;i points. The Rev. J. Brown
Myers, Home Secretary of the Baptist Missionary
Society, has afforded me the benefit of some important
suggestions,' and Mr. A. J. Simms, of the Society's
office, has shown me much courteous attenj;ion and
assistance on my visits to the Library. For certain of
the illustrations I have also to thank the B.M.S.

Dr. Richard has been urged from several quarters to
publish his Reminiscences, and contemplates doing so
" when he can find time." Meanwhile this short
" Life " is offered - in the belief that it will supply a
chapter hitherto unwritten in the history of Modern
Missions, and in the hope that it will whet the public
appetite for some more substantial work from Dr.
Richard's own pen.

B. REEVE.

CONTENTS

CHAPTER , PACE
AN APPRECIATION — BY THE REV. RICHARD GLOVER,

D.D., 11

I. PROM WEST TO EAST, 19

II. A REMARKABLE SERMON AND ITS EFFECT, . . 36

IIL THE GREAT FAMINE, 50

IV. THE PERSONAL TRANSITION PERIOD, ... 62

V. THE CHRISTIAN LITEEATDRE SOCIETY, ... 73

VI. THE REFORM CRISIS AND THE BOXER RISING, . . 91

VII. THE SHANSI UNIVERSITY, 106

VIII. RECENT YEARS, . . ... 122

IX. THE PRESENT DAY, 141

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

PAGE

DR. RICHARD (wiTH adtograph), . . . Frontispiece

FFALDYBRENIN VILLAGE, .21

TAKYRESGAIR FARM, FFALDYBRENIN, ... 23

SALEM CHAPEL, CAIO, . . . .29

MESSRS. RICHARD AND LILLEY CONFRONTED BY BRIGANDS, 33

THE CONVERSATION IN THE BARN, ... 43

MR. RICHARD CARRYING HIS FLAG THROUGH A FAMINE

CITY, . . 59

MR. AND MBS. RICHARD IN CHINESE COSTUME,. . . 65

CHING KWAN YIN6, 89

DR. RICHARD AND MEMBERS OF THE HANLIN ACADEMY, . 95

THE PLACE OF MARTYRDOM, t'aI-YUAN-FU, . . . 103

TS'EN CH'DN HSiJAN, 109

THE PEACE COMMISSIONERS, 113 '

TIMOTHY RICHARD, D.D., LITT.D., 119

THE LATE MRS. RICHARD, 125

List of Illustrations

PAGE

DR. RICHARD AND SOME FELLOW MISSIONARIES IN 1904, 131

SHANSI DNIVBRSITT STUDENTS LEAVING FOR ENGLAND, . 135

DR. RICHARD IN HIS LIBRARY, .... 139

THE STAFF OF SHANSI UNIVERSITY, 1910,. . . 147

THE NEW OFFICES OF THE CHRISTIAN LITERATURE

SOCIETY, SHANGHAI, 153

Timothy Richard: An Appreciation

FIFTY years ago, on 24th October, 1860, the Treaty
was ratified at Peking that gave foreigners the
right of residence in the interior cities of China.
The enlarged liberty carried in it a call of God to make
a nobler effort for the evangelisation of that great land.
Max Mliller once reminded us that fifty 3'ears are a long
period in the history of the world — there being only
fifty periods of fifty years since the beginning of
Roman history. Certainly the last fifty years have
proved a long period in Chinese history, and seen
changes which, at the beginning of it, none could have
foreseen.

Some changes have moved the regrets of men, but
some seem fraught with enduring good; and in
bringing about those changes which have brought
abiding benefit, perhaps no one has been a more notable
worker than Dr. Richard.

It is forty-two years since he was accepted as a
missionary of our Society, in 1869, a student from a
Welsh college, with all the best qualities of his
nationality fully manifest; only his emotion was
deeper than even Welshmen usually feel. In fact,
from then till now, intensity has been the mark of the

Timothy Richard :

man. Whatever he did, he did with his might.
Intensity marked his studies, his plans, and the ardour
with which he pursued them. The centre of our work
then was Chefoo, where we had settled after various
experimentations by our earlier missionaries. They
had been with the Tai-ping rebels in Central China,
until they were dismissed because they could not
preach the divinity of the rebel leaders along with that
of Jesus Christ. They had tried Shanghai; they had
come to Chefoo. The unhealthiness of the place — or
rather of the native houses — had been a great dis-
appointment, necessitating the return of the first five
or six of our workers. A Dr. Brown — a medical man
of great devotion, though of somewhat obstinate
peculiarities — was one of Richard's early associates.
In Chefoo Richard worked with great ardour, and
God's blessing crowned the efforts of himself and
his colleague during the next half-dozen years. Mean-
while, differences of judgment led to Dr. Brown's
leaving the Mission ; and it was brought very forcibly
home to Richard's mind that a Port City was the least'
suitable of all places to begin a Christian Mission. None
will dissent from this judgment who are familiar with the
disadvantages of Chinese city life in general, and Port
City life in particular. So in 1874 Richard journeyed
to Tsing-chow-fu, a leading prefecture in Shantung,
containing about 30,000 people ; a little Sheffield in
the production of cutlery, and somewhat famous as the
residence of Mencius, the greatest follower of Confucius,
who had, in the iharket-place of the city, dis-
coursed on Social Science with Prince Loo 2000 vears
ago. Twelve years before this, the Emperor had

An Appreciation

ratified the Treaty with England and France, giving
liberty of travel and residence to foreigners. But as
California repudiated the " Burlinghame Treaty," which
gave the Chinese liberty of residence in the United
States, so it was one thing for the imperial authorities
in China to grant Englishmen liberty to reside in a
Chinese city, and it was quite another for them to
enjoy it. The fact was, in the judgment of the people
of Tsing-chow-fu, a foreigner had never desecrated their
city by residing in it, and if they' could help it, he
never should do so. But an intensity stronger than
theirs made him persist, and he held on his quarters
in an inn outside the city gate, when Providence gave
him an opening. An epidemic of fever visited the
city, and it so happened that Richard had the only
medicine that controlled it. He was glad to render all
the help he could ; he saved many lives, and for the
time the city postponed driving him away, although
their refusal to admit him was not withdrawn.

Shortly after the great famine broke over Shantung,
in the year 1876, involving the whole population in
direst need.- Famines are frequent visitations in that
land, and were accepted by philosophic rulers as pro-
vidential arrangements for reducing a population that
is too thick on the ground.

They say the population has increased about sixteen-
fold under the present dynasty, which has lasted about
250 years, a rate of increase only a little less than that
of England, and there has been no development of
commerce, nor increase of land, nor use of machinery,
to help either the increase of food or enlarge the
resources to purchase it. But Richard's philosophy was

Timothy Richard :

loving, not cynical ; and at first, single-handed, by giving
all he had, and then begging from Chefoo and Shanghai
for more, and getting the help of other missionaries,
he made a noble fight " to save some." The next year
the famine was still terrible in Shantung, and had
involved Shansi in its horrors. His appeals to the
British and American publics secured a large response,
and though the officials suspected a political motive,
and were more disposed to hinder than assist, he
pursued his work, crossing into Shansi to help the
distress there. Others came to his help, including
David Hill, Canon (now Bishop) Scott, Joshua Turner,
Arthur Smith, A. G. Jones, Jonathan Lees, J.
Innocent, and many others. The work — especially
in Shansi — was terrible. For three years, from dawn
till midnight, Richard toiled. All the workers
caught the famine fever. Several died, and dangers
of robbery and murder by those dying of starva-
tion were constant. From the Consular Report,
sent by Mr. W. C. Hillier to our Foreign Office, it
appears that Protestant workers saved about a
quarter of a million lives, in addition to those saved
by the Roman Catholic missionaries of Shansi. It
has been considered the greatest famine reported in
history.' It left a long shadow over the whole of
North China ; but it had one effect — it removed
the suspicion and dislike under which the foreign
missionary had laboured, commended the religion of
the Saviour, and gave a wonderful impetus to the
Church of Christ.

From that time Dr. Richard has been a man of
immense influence in China. He had proved the

An Appreciation

greatness of his love for her people, and amongst rich
and poor was trusted as few foreigners or natives have
ever been. Our present Church membership in China
of nearly 6000, gathered in the last thirty years, is due
in no slight degree to the work done then. The candle
of God's truth had been set on a noble Candlestick
of Mercy, and all entering in saw the light. The
sceptre of love proves imperial on earth as it does in
heaven.

In another direction Dr. Richard has rendered
supreme service to the cause of the sacred uplifting
of the souls- of men. A great catholicity of soul has
assured all who came in contact with him of an appre-
ciation of every worthy element in their creed or
character, and made him a trusted leader of the
thoughts of men. When he was set apart as a
missionary, he was charged — I think by Dr. Trestrail —
to study especially the Saviour's instructions to the
twelve Apostles when He sent them forth. Eichard
did so carefully ; and he accentuated one wbrd in the
Saviour's instructions which has been too little
accentuated in the policy of Missions. "Whatsoever
city or town ye enter, inquire who in it is worthy ;
and there abide till ye depart thence." This guided
the Twelve as to the best opening for their message;
the vital point of contact where truth would most
surely operate. Eichard thought this precept had
force in China as well as in Judsea, and made for " the
worthy." He found such — seekers after God ; aspirants
for immortality, and some great in prayer. He recog-
nised that whatever led men to God came from God ;
and there was borne in upon him that God speaks to

J Timothy Richard :

many heathen souls still, and listens to the cries they
address to Him.

It was a reward of this sympathy that he found a
fuller acquaintance with the deeper thoughts and
longings of men ; with the strange remainders of
Nestorian and Mediaeval Catholic teaching which are
found amongst the Secret Sects of China, and which
constitute the vitality of their doctiines ; and with the
reality of, the communion with God in many hearts
outside all knowledge of the Gospel. The degree in which
Christian truth blended with Buddhist doctrine when
from the fourth to the tenth centuries the two met in
Central Asia, is a matter which still requires thoughtful
and sober working out. "the Monotheism of several of
the Secret Sects ; their prayers addressed exclusively to
the Supreme God ; a sort of Communion Service ;
phrases like, " Where two are there is another," an
accent on faith as the saving thing ; an idea that God,
or Buddha, saves us by the sacrifice of Himself; a
doctrine of a Trinity resembling St. John's ; the
doctrine that righteousness is not a price we pay for
salvation, but a gratitude we render for it; and
especially the attributes assigned to Kavan Yin, the
Goddess pf Mercy — all point to the grip and permanence
of Christian truth, even when it'was thought to have been
destroyed by wholesale persecution. And the way in
which those who cling to these survivals recognise the
Gospel as the fuller truth that includes and completes
them would commend to all thoughtful missionaries
the wisdom of making the old inquiry, " Who here is
worthy ? " , Doing so certainly led Richard to delightful
fellowships and opened many hearts to his great

An Appreciation

Gospel ; and the kindly equity it led his colleagues to
cherish gave them access to the souls of men. To
some, indeed, Richard seemed, and in his last book,
seems still, to exaggerate the significance of many of
these higher thoughts found amongst the Secret Sects
of China, and especially in the " Amida Buddhist
community " of Japan. Probably he does so. But if
he errs, he errs in a right direction and one which
glorifies Him who is Maker, Father, and Saviour of all.
We do not wonder that with such love, and such
intellectual sympathy, and with a mastery of all
knowledge bearing on the philosophy of religion, and
all history illustrating it, and with such a power of
serving, he has commended himself to great multitudes.
The Chinese Government honoured him by consulting
him in all its educational policy; by placing at his
disposal, for the erection of a University in Shansi,
some £70,000, and by making him the first Chancellor
of the University ; by conferring on him the highest
honour the Emperor can confer — something akin to
a dukedom. One of his greatest longings was to see
a University that would convey Western learning in
every one of the eighteen Provinces of China, and that
is already decided by the Government. He has con-
ferred an immense boon by the Christian Literature
Society, a Society that is supplying in large numbers
the best literature of the West in the language of the
East. It is granted to few to see a change so immense
and so blessed in the thought of a great nation, and to
still fewer to have had such an important part in pro-
ducing it. But our friend has this honour, and in
lowly joy delights himself in the harvest sheaves that
2 17

Timothy Richard : An Appreciation

follow his " sowing in tears." No success of lower
schemes has abated his delight in his Saviour, and all
who come across hinj marvel at the sweet blend of
modesty, power, and peace which makes his whole life
an impulse and a current for good. May the pages
which follow move many to accept the lead of this
great example.

EICHAED GLOVER.

Bristol.

Timothy Richard, D.D.

CHAPTER I
From West to East

CHINA, the " venerable patriarch of the East," said
Dr. Richard many years ago, " can take up the
little countries of Europe like children on his
knee, and tell them tales of bygone days — millenniums
before they were born. He can recount his adventures
at school long before Samuel kept school foi; the
prophets of Israel. . . . On religion he has given three
important works to the world — two original, the other
only edited with notes and comments. Taoism is one
of these works. It pleased the early Saracens at
Bagdad, Alexandria, and iCordova so much, that they
translated it freely into the languages of the West.
The result has been our now wonderful science,
Chemistry. Confucianism is another. The Jesuits
of France sent enough Confucianism home to fill an
immense encyclopaedia. Voltaire and his companions
lost their heads completely over it. They thought
they had discovered the panacea for all ills. Then
came their writings ; the Revolution and these are
bearing their baneful seeds to this day in a thousand
ways in Europe and America. Buddhism is the
Indian work which he edited. This, again, created
a great sensation among the chief thinkers of Europe.
It is now fast becoming popularised among the masses,
just at a time when many of those who first introduced

Timothy Richard, D.D.

its ideas are finding out that it is not all it promised
to be."

It is observed of "Li Ti-Mo-Tai," as Timothy
Richard is universally known in the land of his
adoption, that he has his finger on the pulse of China.
He is the confidential adviser of Viceroys and of the
Royal Palace, and the knowledge of Chinese thought
and appreciation of Celestial influence, displayed in
the excerpt just quoted, are typical of that wide and
deep acquaintance with the problems of the Empire
which has given him his unique authority.

Griffith John and Timothy Richard, without doubt
the two greatest of modern missionaries to China, have
this distinction ih common, their Welsh origin. The
second is nearly fourteen years the junior, and was
born in the little village of Ffaldybrenin, six miles
from Lampeter, Carm., on 10th October, 1845. Ffaldy-
brenin signifies " the king's fold," and there is a tradi-
tion that Llewellyn, the last King of Wales, found
a shelter there in his struggle with Edward I., King of
England.

The boy was named Timothy after his father.
Timothy Richard, senior, by Occupation a blacksmith
and farmer, was a very intelligent and well-read man.
A competent critic, the Rev. J. R. Kilsby Jones, used
to say that "Timothy the blacksmith" was the most
capable narrator of an interesting story he ever heard.

The abilities of the elder Timothy found several
outlets beyond the ordinary scope of his daily business.
He had no inconsiderable knowledge of veterinary
science, and all the farmers of the district availed
themselves of his skill in this direction. He also
achieved some reputation as a bone-setter, hundreds of
persons visiting him in the course of years for treat-
ment. This particular faculty seems to "run in the
family," for other members have practised it. As the
maker of a herbal ointment, guaranteed to cure all
manner of diseases, the farmer-blacksmith added to
his fame as a local celebrity.

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Timothy Richard, D.D.

Born in 1800, the energetic young blacksmith married,
at the age of twenty-three, Eleanor Williams of
Ll^thercoch, Pencarreg. Their home was a godly one,
and into it came nine children, Timothy being the
youngest and now the sole survivor.

When the boy was about five years old the family
removed to Tanyresgair Farm, adjoining Ffaldybrenin
village. The elementary school of the district was
located on the farm, and here the lad received the
rudiments of education.

Like his namesake of the New Testament, from a
child he had known the Holy Scriptures, which are
able to make wise unto salvation. He was baptised
on 10th April, 1859, in, connection with the Church at
Salem Chapel, Caio, by the Rev. John Davies. Of
" Salem " and its mother church at " Bethel " Timothy
Richard, senior, was an honoured deacon.

Baptism in the open air, in some flowing river, was,
and is, no uncommon sight in rural Wales. The "
circumstances vividly suggest the scene in Jordan,
when Jesus Himself was immersed ' at the hands of
John. The spectacle on the occasion of the future
missionary's baptism must have been at once remark-
able and impressive, for he was one of fifty-two
candidates who passed through the waters at the same
service. Nor was the event without its element of
thrill from other than spiritual causes. The river was
in flood, and the pastor desired to test the strength of
the current carefully. He sought a light weight,
therefore, with whom to calculate the measure of
exertion the act involved. Timothy, as the youngest
of the band, was accordingly led into the water first.
The minister's grip was firm and steady, and happily
no untoward incident marred the solemn gathering.

On the remote Welsh homestead Timothy Richard
grew up, with a first-hand experience of farming in all
its details. He could plough a straight furrow, reap the
ripened corn, swing the old-fashioned flail, make a
decent thatch, cut peat for the winter's fuel, and tend

Timothy Richard, D.D.

his flock upon the mountain side. Meanwhile, he was
preparing industriously for the life of the larger world
beyond. His earliest acquaintance with Latin and
Greek was made as he sat upon a gate scaring crows
from his father's crops.

At fifteen the lad proceeded to a British school at
Cross Inn, near Llanelly, pursuing his studies there for
twelve months. Subsequently the year was divided
between teaching and the taking of further instruction
at various Grammar Schools. He attended one such
at Llanybyther. One morning, after Richard, then a
youth of about eighteen, had been there a few months,
a farmer came to the school door on horseback from
New Inn, a small village some eight miles away. The
schoolmaster had left that morning, and the children
were without a teacher. The object of the farmer's
visit was to beg some one to go over with him there
and then and take charge. At the request of his
principal Richard accepted the post thus suddenly
offered.

So the time passed, in the alternate preparation of
himself and others, the winters being occupied with
teaching, and the money thus earned being expended
upon his own higher training in summer. For a
period he attended as a scholar at the Normal School,
Swansea.

Music had a fascination for Timothy Richard from
childhood. He was a schoolboy when the Tonic Sol-fa
system was brought to Wales. Through his instrument-
ality the new method became established in the district
of Ffaldybrenin, and a noted choir was formed, under
the conductorship of the late Mr. Thomas Price, which
won many Eisteddfod prizes. The passion for this
subject continued. When at College Richard intro-
duced it to Haverfordwest, and to several of the
churches in Pembroke county. Later he reduced to
this form the notes of many a Chinese song, sending
the tunes over to the late Mr. John Curwen for
publication in the Tonic Sol-fa Reporter.

From West to East

It was in October, 1865, that Timothy Richard
delivered his first sermon in Salem Chapel, the
spiritual home of his boyhood. The " Fathers in
Israel" who heard his budding efforts at preaching
have passed away, but he is still remembered by those
now no longer young as being well in advance of the
youths of the neighbourhood, by reason of his better
education, and as exercising an influence correspondingly
strong. A gentlemanly bearing and a genial manner
gave him an authority among them.

Exactly a year later, as an aspirant for the ministry,
he entered Haverfordwest College, then presided over
by the Rev. Thomas Davies, D.D. Among Timothy
Richard's fellow-students was the late Rev. J. A.
Morris, D.D., for nearly twenty-five years pastor of the
Welsh Baptist Church at Aberystwyth.

Another classmate, the Rev. J. Gomer Lewis, D.D.,
of Swansea, describes him at the opening of his College
career as " a monoglot Celt, a novice in the pulpit, and
an insignificant atom of even the little Principality of
Wales." As a matter of fact, the new student had,
I think, already acquired a knowledge of English,
though being still so essentially a Welshman, his
native tongue was doubtless his common medium of
conversation.

In response to my request. Dr. Lewis has kindly
furnished me with the following sketch of his friend as
he appeared in those far away days : —

" He was instinctively a thinker, and strove to
nurture the original faculty by perusing the best books
upon every possible occasion. His mind was thorough
rather than brilliant ; lie was a solid stone rather than
a shining star. Some of the other students were
superior to him in glowing imagination and fiery
eloquence, but they were all inferior to him in com-
prehensive and continuous mental grasp. He was not
a dashing cataract, leaping to the thunderous depths,
and with intersecting, rainbows bridging the uprising
spray, but a flowing stream of crystal water, like his

Timothy Richard, D.D.

own native river Towy, flanked by fields, producing
fruit, flowers, and fodder.

" He was an intelligent and earnest student,
especially of the Bible. He believed that the preacher
should have a Bible on the table in the study, as well
as on the pulpit in the sanctuary. As much as possible
he endeavoured to understand the contents of the
Scriptures, in the vernacular and original, by daily
reading, meditation, and prayer. He went into the
Sacred Volume. In addition to the study of the Bible,
and books bearing directly upon it, he studied other
books on history, science, art, and poetry, and last, but
not least, sermons.

" His was not the fatal facility of making a little go
a great way. He was a thinker rather than a talker.
There are men whose menu for the multitude is what
they magniloquently term fish, but what in ordinary
phraseology is called bloater. The homely herring is
skilfully carved as if it were a silvery salmon. Others
lay the table with a dainty dish, but the carving and-
serving are execrable. One man talks nothing, the
other' spoils something. Timothy Richard always
believed the Gospel to be the secret of the world's
redemption. There would be no other, there could be
no other ; to him it was absolute and all-sufficient. He
was convinced that art, literature, science, wealth,
and learning — all the forces of civilisation combined
— could not save the world. By Grace the world is
saved.

"Being a Welshman, it was only natural that he
should be musical. He loved tunes as well as truths.
It was his custom to hold singing classes in Bethesda
English Baptist Chapel, when young people of both
sexes were initiated by him into the mysteries of
Sacred Song. He did good work in introducing the
Sol-fa system into the religious services of the town.
At all times he revelled in rhythm, and soared in
sorig.

" Modern languages had a charm for him that was

From West to East

irresistible, and he succeeded in making their study a
new speciality in the College course. He delighted in
the rigid rules of grammar, and longed to master the
languages spoken in the great countries of the world,
especially those of the East. Already his soul yearned
for the Orient, and thirsted for the knowledge necessary
to qualify him for service in the foreign field. This
branch of study, commenced in College, he has followed
up diligently.

" During the whole of his student life at Haverford-
west, Timothy Richard gained the reputation of being
fully consecrated to the Master's service, and one who
was destined to be a leader in the Church. He was
select in his choice of companions, always devoted to
religious work, with a strong inclination to do pioneer
work in the Celestial Empite, in all of which he
sought the guidance and guardianship of God, whose
Gospel door is wide open as the domain of human
existence upon earth."

The Rev. John Davies, now living in retirement at
Cwmmorgan, Carm., recalls the powerful 'impression
made upon himself and the other senior students by
Timothy Richard's tastes in study, and the materials
which went to the furnishing of his intellect. He had
a keen relish for abstruse problems in philosophy, and
for mastering theological treatises which the generality
of students are apt to condemn as heavy. Of his public
gifts Mr. Davies observes : "As a preacher he was too
deep a thinker to be a fluent speaker, or eloquent in
the popular sense of the word, but his sermons were
suggestive, full of sound doctrine, the original produc-
tions of his own mind and heart."

, A very striking revision of the curriculum was
effected during the latter part of Richard's stay. It
is with considerable interest that one learns that the
students were responsible for the significant changes
which took place. They agitated — and we may believe
that Richard was one of the most powerful advocates
of the new order — ^for " less of the dead languages and

Timothy Richard, D.D.

more modern ones." The basis of historical study,
also, was broadened, and instead of Greece and Rome
supplying virtually the sole foundation, Babylon,
Egypt, India, and China were added ; and the super-
structure was proportionately enlarged. Science,
which had hitherto been neglected, was introduced to
some degree. It is not often, surely, that it belongs
to the credit of students to so completely and advan-
tageously revolutionise a conservative educational
establishment.

A missionary career had appealed to the budding
scholar from the time when, as a lad of thirteen, he
listened to a sermon on the text, " To obey is better
than sacrifice." The desire for foreign service became
intensified within College walls. An important con-
tributory factor was the presence of the Rev. (after-
wards Dr.) G. H. Rouse, M.A., LL.B., who, having been
invalided home from the Indian staff of the Baptist
Missionary Society, acted temporarily as tutor at
Haverfordwest, in certain subjects, during the latter
part of Richard's course. He manifested a warm
sympathy with his pupil's leanings, as did also Dr.
Davies. It was an address by the late Mrs. Grattan
Guinness, pleading the cause of China, which, heard
as a student, drew the young man's heart to that
land.

In 1869 Timothy Richard was accepted by the
Baptist Missionary Society. He was ordained in
Salem Chapel in November of that year. The Church
at Salem has always been pardonably proud to have
reared so distinguished a son. To give prominence to
the association, and as an incentive to generosity on
behalf of Missions, a brass tablet and a box have been
erected in the lobby, the former bearing an inscription
in Welsh, which, being translated, runs : — " This tablet
and box have been set up by this Church to receive
gifts towards the work in China, as a thank-offering to
God for blessing the labours of our dear brother, the
Rev. Timothy Richard, D.D., Litt.D., who went out

From West to East

from this Church as a messenger for Christ to China."
Then follow the leading dates of his career.

Ere setting out he received some emphatic counsel
from the Secretaries, Dr. E. B. Underbill and the
Rev. Frederick Trestrail, D.D. Part of the advice
proffered him is specially interesting because so
singularly in consonance with his own now decided
views, and the policy he has pursued during the
greater part of his missionary life. It concerned the
importance of laying hold of the teachers of China,

SALEM CHAPEL, CAIO
(Where Dr. Eichard was ordained)

in the belief that if they were converted the nation
might be expected to turn to God.

The Treaty of Tientsin, agreed in 1858, and finally
ratified two years later, increased the open ports in
China from five — under the Treaty of Nanking,
confirmed in 1843 — to twenty-two, promised protection
to missionaries and native converts, and permitted
foreigners, subject to certain stipulations, to travel in
the interior on business or pleasure.

These enlarged facilities gave a decided impetus to

Timothy Richard, D.D.

Mission work. Among the very many Societies entering
at this time was the Baptist Missionary Society. The
early experiences, however, were sorely trying. Sick-
ness find consequent return on the part of some, and
resignation on the part of other workers, made it
difficult to retain a staff of even the smallest
dimensions ; while the Tai-ping Rebellion caused
widespread upheaval and anxiety. Prospects were
far from rosy, therefore, when Timothy Richard reached
Chefoo in February, 1870.

Chefoo is one of the ports of Shantung, opened
under the second Treaty. Here Mr. Richard found
the Rev. F. Laughton at work. He had been seven
years upon the field, and though enduring severe eye
trouble as a result of the climate, stood nobly at his
post, and never dreamed of relinquishing it. H^ was
carried off by typhus, however, within four months of
the arrival of his young colleague. The very day of
Mr. Laughton's funeral news was received at Chefoo of
the Tientsin massacre, involving the lives of twenty-
one foreigners.

Here, then, was a novice, struggling with the
intricacies of the Chinese language, suddenly invested
by circumstances with the entire responsibility for the
work of his Society, amid surroundings the most
perilous.

By the end of August he had made sufficient
progress to permit of his conducting family worship in
Chinese. He assisted the native pastor, dealt with
inquirers, and ere long experienced the joy of his first
baptism, the candidate being a man who declared that
he " feared nothing more than denying his Saviour " —
this in reference to the threatened renewal of persecu-
tion. The little Church consisted of just over forty
members. Short tours in the interior were undertaken
as the- months passed, and brought greater familiarity
with the new tongue.

In 1871 Mr. Richard, in addition to four brief trips
in the neighbourhood of Chefoo, went a two months'

From West to East

journey into Lower Manchuria with Mr. Lilley, of
the National Bible Society of Scotland, distributing
Scriptures. It was an adventurous, indeed an ex-
tremely hazardous proceeding.

From the first the new missionary had intended to
itinerate, but the heat made this impossible in
Shantung in summer. That part of Shinking,
Manchuria, which was chosen for the purpose of this
visit, however, was five degrees north of Chefoo, and
the climate imposed no difficulty. Nine-tenths of the
people spoke the same dialect as that used in Chefoo,
since they were emigrants from Shantung. There was
not a single Protestant missionary in the Province, and
Mr. Richard felt strongly that six missionaries — of
various Societies — were too many to remain at the
small port of Chefoo, with its population of 20,000.
Accordingly he and his companion set out.

They found Shinking a magnificent country, com-
pared with the bare and monotonous Shantung — wide,
rich plains, mountains clad with forest trees, and large
cities with a busy trade. A general sense of insecurity
of life and property prevailed, however. The majority
of the Manchus were in the Government service in all
parts of China, and their own land was in consequence
neglected. The existing uncertainty and danger were
revealed, by the fact that every man, woman, and even
child, whom the travellers met, carried some weapon,
usually a long spear, sometimes a matchlock. An
individual on horseback would have a carbine slung
across his shoulders, while the missionaries saw one
woman with a naked sword.

The earlier portion of the itineracy took the two
men through a district infested with mounted thieves,
who attacked merchants along the imperial road and
rifled the village shops. The inhabitants, therefore,
erected walls and. watch-towers for their protection, and
the watchmen were firing all through the darkness.
One night, a man, out of breath through running, came
to the inn where Messrs. Richard and ^Lilley were

Timothy Richard, D.D.

staying, with the news that he had seen robbers not
far away. The next morning, eleven fully armed and
mounted brigands suddenly appeared before the
travellers. Another time, all unknowing, the pair
came to the outskirts of a district where dwelt a body
of five hundred rebels, to suppress whom the a,uthorities
were maintaining a force of twice that number of
men.

Mr. Richard was one day preaching to a large crowd
in a city of some size and influence, and had scarcely
begun when a mandarin of high rank appeared upon the
scene, with a band of soldiers. These thrust the
audience back and took up a position hindering their
renewed approach. Nothing daunted, Mr. Richard
preached to the military ! The inandarin, after paying
marked attention fot two hours or more, bought a copy
of the Scriptures, and walked away, evincing what
appeared to be a pleasureable surprise that his pre-
conceived notions of the Gospel had riot been borne
out. The original congregation was permitted to
return without further molestation.

For an entire week on this same tour, the travellers
were accompanied by six mounted soldiers, ostensibly
as a guard, but actually to keep them under observation.
The escort exerted their influence at first to frustrate
the message by secret terrorism. Presently, however,
their attitude entirely changed ; they exhibited a
warm friendship, offered to carry the supply of
Scriptures, and cordially advised the people to
purchase them.

Five hundred li (or about 150 English miles) of the
journey lay along the boundary of Korea, and Mr.
Richard and his associate penetrated some distance
into the then " Hermit Kingdom." The penalty for
Europeans found within its borders was death, and
these men were probably, the first who came out of it
alive. As it was, they were nigh to being captured by
brigands. Once the harmless missionaries were actually
taken for brigands in European disguise.

MESSRS. RICHABD AND LILIiEY CONFRONTED BY BRIGANDS

Timothy Richard, D.D.

For the time that he was at home iu Chefoo during
the year under review, Mr. Richard devoted himself
principally to acquiring proficiency in the language,
but he found leisure to take a class of five native
workers through a short course of study in Christian
Evidences.

Already the young Welshman was ^ beginning to
entertain and express some Radical opinions upon the
Subject of missionary methods. He found a lack of
opportunity in Chefoo, or at least, of such a measttre of
it as he desired. The curiosity excited when the port
was opened ten years before, and Mission chapels were
a novelty, had altogether subsided. On week-days,
when the missionary was in readiness to meet any who
might turn in to converse with him, or listen to the
preaching, he would often be disappointed of a single
visitor, except when people from the surrounding
country were in town for the first time, and called to
see this strange teacher, atid hear his peculiar doctrine.
On Sunday, forty or fifty, attracted largely by the
singing, would come in and remain for a short time.

Recounting his experiences, Mr. Richard says :
" Having commenced to preach in what was called the
street chapel, where daily preaching was carried on by
myself and native assistants, and finding very few
converts, I did not feel justified in continuing a work
which yielded such poor results. The distribution of
the Bible, which I had thought an excellent means of
conversion of the heathen, also failed to give the results
I expected. It was only afterwards that I realised that
the Bible messages were mainly to the Jews. It is
only the Bible principles which should be applied to
all the world in messages suitable to each country."

In his perplexity, Mr. Richard derived much help
from the study of Comparative Religion, pursued with
the aid of several missionaries of great ability and
judgment in Chefoo. A series of lectures was delivered
one winter on Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism,
and the manner in which Christianity supplies the

From West to East

deficiencies of each system. Side by side with these
topics, there ran a weekly consideration,- in corhpany,
of the Epistles, with a view to discovering how the
Apostles, in their public ministry, catered for the needs
of their day. Mr. Richard regarded such practical
investigations as vastly more important than previous
theological training, and as exhibiting the needed
answer to the problem of gaining converts.

CHAPTER II
A Remarkable Sermon and its Effect

A POTENT influeuce came into Mr. Richard's life,
and affected his whole conception of missionary
duty and procedure, with the discovery of a
sermon preached before the London Missionary Society
in 1824 by that brilliant, but most erratic genius,
Edward Irving, of pathetic memory. It appealed to
the missionary in distant China because of its insistence
upon a more literal adoption of the principles of
Matthew x. Especially was Mr. Richard impressed
with the desirability of reaching the " worthy " —
winning the devout leaders among the people, and
influencing the masses through them.

Irving had already dazzled London with his oratory,
but had not yet, of course, developed those sad delusions
which clouded his life and ministry. He was at no
time an ordinary man or preacher, and something out
of the common was to be expected. The sermon has
been long forgotten, save by those peculiarly interested
in the preacher's meteoric career, or drawn to the
reading of the discourse by Dr. Richard's circulation
of it. One would not disturb the dust of controversy
which lies upon it, except that an utterance capable
of so marked an effect, in cold print, nearly half a
century later, possesses an interest demanding some
relation of the surrounding circumstances.

It was delivered in the old Whitefields Tabernacle,
Tottenham Court Road, to a densely crowded congre-
gation, who thronged the building to overflowing long
before the service was advertised to commence. The

A Remarkable Sermon and its Effect

discourse was a performance of substantial length, for
it occupied three and a half hours in delivery, and
Irving had to suspend his impassioned speech twice
while the congregation sang, partly to rest himself, no
doubt, and partly, perhaps, to relieve their tense
feelings !

No better idea can be gained of the remarkable
scene than is conveyed in Mrs. Oliphant's richly
descriptive language : '' It [the sermon] had no con-
nection with the London Missionary Society. It was
the ideal missionary — the Apostle lost behind the veil
of centuries — the Evangelist commissioned of God, who
had risen out of Scripture and the primeval ages upon
the gaze of the preacher. He discoursed to the startled
throng, met there to be asked for subscriptions — to
have their interest stimulated in the regulations of the
committee, and their eyes directed towards its worthy
and respectable representatives, each drawing a little
congregation about him in some corner of the earth —
of a man without staff or scrip, without banker or
provision, abiding with whomsoever would receive him,
speaking in haste his burning message, pressing on
without pause or rest through the world that lay in
wickedness — an Apostle responsible to no man — a
messenger of the Cross. The intense reality natural to
one who had all but embraced that austere martyr
vocation in his own person, gave force to the picture
he drew. There can be little doubt that it was foolish-
ness to most of his hearers, and that, after the
fascination of his eloquence was over, nine-tenths ot
them would recollect, with utter wonder, or even with
possible contempt, that wildest visionary conception.
But that it was true for him, nobody, I think, who has
followed his course thus far, will be disposed either to
doubt or to deny.

" The wildest hubbub rose, as was natural, after this
extraordinary utterance ; but through the midst of it
all, preoccupied and lost in the contemplation of that
most true yet most impossible servant of God whom he

Timothy Richard, D.D.

had evoked from the past and the future to which all
things are possible, Irving, all unaware of the commo-
tion he had caused, went on his way, not dreaming
that anybody could suppose the present machinery and
economics of commonplace missionary work injured by
that high vision of the perfection of a character which
has been, and which yet may be again. He says that
he ' was prepared to resist any application which might
possibly be made to me ' to publish his sermon ; an
utterly unnecessary precaution, since the complacency
of the London Society evidently did not carry them the
length of paying the preacher of so unwelcome an
address that customary compliment. But in the com-
motion that followed — in the vexation and wrath of
' the religious world,' and the astonished outcry of
everybody connected with missions — the preacher, not
less astonished than themselves, discovered that his
doctrine was new, and unwelcome to the reverend and
pious men for whose hearing he had so carefully
prepared it. When he heard his high conception of the
missionary character denounced as an ill-timed
rhetorical display, and that which he had devoutly
drawn from the only inspired picture of such messengers
characterised as not only visionary and wild, but an
implied libel upon their present representatives, his
sincere heart was roused and startled."

The result was a considerable enlargement of the
original sermon, and its contemplated publication in
four parts. Only the first, however, was completed and
issued from the press, in the form of a very substantial
pamphlet of about 130 pages, with a dedication to S. T.
Coleridge.

No one can peruse this sermon to-day without a
profound sense of the spiritual imagination of its
author, not yet, as I have said, running to the full
excess of the following years. There is a persuasive
eloquence suggested even by the printed page, and
much in the spirit of the discourse to approve, though-
we may be far from accepting the writer's whole position.

A Remarkable Sermon and its Effect

The message is distiBctly that of an idealist, but
Dr. Richard also is an idealist, whose views of mission-
ary operations do not always square with those of home
authorities. A keen judgment has led him to many
far-sighted undertakings scarcely in keeping, perhaps,
with the very extreme unworldliness enunciated by
Irving. This teaching would, indeed, seem to condemn
the shrewd statesmanship of Dr. Richard ; yet there is
a marked strain of what may be termed practical
mysticism about the latter which accounts for the
fascination exerted over him by the views of the
ethereal Scottish prea.cher. Dr. Richard possesses the
virtue of giving shape and body to many of his dreams,
and reducing not a few of his visions to realities.

Some years later, by the assistance of a fellow
missionary, Dr. Richard republished Irving's sermon,
and forwarded a copy to each of the leading mission-
aries in China, India, and Africa.

To carry out the principle he had imbibed, Mr.
Richard adopted the plan of visiting the leaders of the
Secret Sects of China, men whom he describes as
"the religious cream of the land." Among these
bodies was the Golden Pill Sect, which numbered tens,
or even hundreds, of thousands, of adherents in each
of the Northern and Western Provinces of China.
Pastor Hsi, of Shansi, so widely known to English
readers as " One of China's scholars," and " One of
China's Christians," through the books of Mrs. Howard
Taylor bearing those titles, was, prior to his conversion,
a member of this influential religious community.

To qualify for sympathetic and helpful discussion
with the thoughtful exponents of 'the particular tenets
of these sects, Mr. Richard formed a close acquaintance
with their sacred books, thus iinding the easiest
avenue of approach to their minds. Abandoning pre-
conceived notions, he made a fresh study of the New
Testament, in order to single out the main truths upon
which the Master and His Apostles laid stress.

This combined investigation of heathen beliefs and

Timothy Richard, D.D.

Christian origins, for the purpose of leading men from
one to the other, bore fruit in the preparation of a
catechism, hymn-book, and tracts. Dr. Ricl;iard explains
the scope of these preliminary efforts as follows : —

" In the Catechism there were quotations from
Scriptures which were not given as proofs from a God-
sent book, but as appeals to conscience, as was our
Lord's method. Instead of using the name Jesus,
which to the Chinese would only be the name of one
of the uncivilised foreigners, I translated His name and |
called Him Saviour. I introduced other changes, such |
as the use of Chinese religious terms, instead of|
foreign ones, so as. to make the Gospel copamend itself!
better to the Chinaman's conscience. Since then 1 1
have found that the Chinese are specially amenable to
history, reason, and conscience, three ultimate ways in
which our Lord made His appeals.

"The little hymn-book contained about thirty
hyrnns, chosen because they appealed to the conscience
of the non-Christian as soon as he heard them. It
excluded those which needed explanation, or otherwise
were unattractive, or repelled the reader.

" The tracts were unique in their brevity. Some
contained only six characters, none more than eighteen.
They were printed in big characters for posting up on
the walls. I travelled on horseback and put these up
on the walls of all the cities in the prefecture of Ching-
chow-fu, eleven in all. I put them up on entering the
city, and before I had finished my meal at the inn, I
often ' saw parties of devout men coming to the inn,
kneeling before me and begging me to tell them what
this wonderful Gospel was, so full of blessing — a
hundredfold in this world with persecution, and in
the worid to come eternal life. In these tracts I
endeavoured to follow the principle of our Lord in His
marvellous parables, not to explain His sacred truths
to the masses at large, but only to dwell on their
importance and value. The interpretation was only
given to those who had open minds."

A Remarkable Sermon and its Effect

This intercourse with the "worthy" — both of the
ancient and historic religions and the Secret Sects —
during the first few years produced its notable " cases."
At Laiyang, a large city eighty miles to the south
of Chefoo, Mr. Richard met with a very cordial
reception. Two intelligent priests entered into a frank
discussion with him of the respective merits of Christ-
ianity and Buddhism. A scholar named Wang, after
hearing an address in the public street, followed the
missionary to his lodging, inquiring, " What must a man
do to be accepted with God ? " — a question of peculiar
interest for the way in which it recalls the yearning
interrogation of the ruler in the Gospel story. Another
question to which Wang sought an answer was this,
" Why should Christ need to die for mankind?" In
the working of the Chinese scholar's mind one sees the
significant assertion of universal problems. This man
was later baptised by Ching, the native pastor at Cbefoo.

Two other men were found whose glimmering of
truth had already led them to renounce ancestral
worship and to offer thanks at meals. They were as
yet feeble of faith, and one of them, like Nicodemus,
came by night, but their sincerity was beyond dispute.

Two miles from Chefoo Mr. Richard visited an
educated man named Lew. He discovered him in a
long barn, with straw piled up on either side and a
narrow pathway down the centre, at the end of which
he sat. What little light this rude apartment gained
came in at one window. On the solitary table were
three books, a New Testament, and the Confucian and
Taoist writings. These, afiirmed the student, were all
true. A friendly conversation ensued, followed by
another, when the Chinaman sought the missionary in
his own house. Pastor Ching received this man also
into the Church.

In the autumn of 1873, Mr. Richard went for twenty
weeks to Chi-nan-fu, the capital of the Province,
and 300 miles from Chefoo. Twelve thousand
B.A.'s had 'gone up for their examination, with a view

Timothy Richard, D.D.

to the M. A. degree, or what may be said to correspond
to that mark of scholarship in the old Chinese educa-
tional system. Only ninety-five secured the coveted
distinction, proof, surely, of the severity of the test,
whatever may be thought of the practical value of
the limited classical subjects set. The groove, though
very deep, was very narrow. These scholars left soon
after the missionary's arrival, so that he saw little of
them. He had better fortune with the thousand and
more military candidates, who came up for their pro-
fessional examination when the literary graduates had
returned. With these officers Mr. Richard enjoyed
considerable opportunities of converse. After two
months' daily instruction, he baptised a young lieu-
tenant, a native of the Province of Honan, who was
on a visit to Chi-nan-fu.

The same day. Pastor Ching, who ,was ordained in
September of that year, that the Church at Chefoo
might have a recognised ministry in Mr. Richard's
absence, baptised two men. One was an inquirer of
the previous year, who lived for the greater part of
his time in Manchuria, the other came from the neigh-
bourhood of Laiyang. He was taught to read by
Wang and Lew, and by them the native preachers
were acquainted of his desire to join the Church.

Believers were wddely scattered in those early days,
and Mr. Richard, in narrating these stories, observes :
" From the above you may see how the home idea of
a Church requires to be modified, when applied to
China. It is true, groups of Christians are to be met
with occasionally, but as a rule it is not a number of
people meeting together for worship, but a number of
people who worship God as taught by one Book, per-
vaded by one Spirit, and separated, as some of our
members are, by more than a thousand miles." The
hope entertained regarding all these was that they
might leaven their respective neighbourhoods.

The broadening process in Mr. Richard's mental
outlook was (developing apace. He says : " About this

THE CONVEE.SATION IN THE EARN
(Mr. Kichard and the Chinese scholar, Lew)

Timothy Richard, D.D.

time also I had to change my views regarding the
value of our ordinary Evidences of Christianity, which
came about in a very striking manner. I asked for an
interview with the chief Ahung, Chang, in one of the
large Mohammedan mosques in the city of Ching-
chow-fu, Shantung. He not only granted it, but also
invited about a dozen or more of his assistants to meet
me. He invited me to sit with him on a raised plat-
form, railed off from the rest, but open to view and
within hearing. There he waited on me himself with
tea and refreshments, asking general questions about
my journey to China, passing Arabia and Mecca, their
sacred home. Then in a very conscientious manner he
delivered to me a carefully prepared sermon to persuade
me to become a Mohammedan, as it was the latest
form of revelation from God to man. First was the
law of Moses, then was the evangel of Christ, and last
of all was the Koran of Mohammed, which was to
supersede them both. He pointed to a genealogical
tree he had hanging on the wall, beginniiig with
Adam, following with Noah and the patriarchs as
branches, later the prophets and Jesus Christ as higher
branches, then last of all Mohammed — a branch with
an apple on it. This was the tree of life and
Mohammed was the apple. To follow God's providence
I should become a Mohammedan. I thanked him and
his colleagues for their kind reception of me, and said
that on a future occasion I would give them my view
of the will of God as represented in Christianity.

'' In the meantime I read up all I had on our rela-
tion to Mohamipedanism. I had Sale's Koran, also
Rodwell's, and' Carlyle's views, and Bohn's standard
history of the Saracens by Oakley.

" Not long after, on a Mohammedan holiday, the
Chief Professor Ting, of the Mohammedan Theological
College, came to see me, and brought with him more
than a dozen of his students. He also delivered
a ,carefully prepared address of twenty minutes' length
to me in the presence of his students. It was full of

A Remarkable Sermon and its Effect

the miraculous, and the assertion that the Koran was
the last word of God. I asked him if he would like to
hear my view of the situation. He said he would.
Then I gave him, in an address of about the same
length, my view, hoping in turn to convert him and
his students. I avoided the ordinary evidences of
miracles and prophecy, because for every one of my
miracles he could bring a hundred of his own; so
I proceeded to dwell on the moral evidences. So
convincing were some of these appeals to conscience
that the students cheered more than once during my.
address.

" When I learnt that the Confucianists asserted that
their Book of Changes was also the Word of God, it
was necessary to find something more convincing to
them than the mere assertion that the Bible was the
Word of God. Then it was dearer than ever to me
that our Lord Jesus Christ's method was not on these
lines, but lay in appeals to conscience and reason, as,
' What shall it profit a man if he shall gain the whole
world and lose his own soul ? ' "

Mr. Richard's practical acceptance of the freest
methods of inquiry and application of the resultant
facts were not confined to purely spiritual or doctrinal
matters. An equivalent advance was made in social
sympathies and aims. On this aspect of thought and
life he writes: —

" By carefully analysing the Scriptures I found that
the usual Gospel preached by ordinary evangelists is
only a fraction of the glad tidings of great joy which
are to regenerate the whole earth. It was on the
Kingdom of God which Moses and the prophets dwelt.
It was on the Kingdom of God which John the Baptist
preached and roused all Judaea. It was on the Kingdom
of God that our Lord Jesus Christ preached in fulfil-
ment of the prophecies, and roused the jealousy of the
Jews and the representatives of the Roman Empire,
who allowed Him to be put to death on that account.
It was to preach the Gospel of the Kingdom of God

Timothy Richard, D.D.

that our Lord sent forth His Apostles. It was that the
Kingdom of God should come and His will be done on
earth as it is in heaven, that He commanded us to
praj'. His Kingdom will necessarily contain all that is
good in the kingdoms of this world and something
more. It will not allow a submerged tenth in all lands
to be oppressed as at present by diabolical armaments,
land laws, and trusts. It is a Kingdom of peace on
earth and goodwill to men. , It is a Kingdom of
righteousness. It is a Kingdom of salvation of the
poor and needy, even in this world. It is the year of
jubilee of all mankind, when the hereditary rights of
the poor, as well as of the rich, will be restored, and
when the accursed land laws, which permit the poor to
be oppressed at will, shall be changed, and when the
wicked monopoly granted to landowners in town and
country shall be withdrawn, and the poor labourers,
who have largely made the cities prosper, shall have
their due share of the profits of their labour."

In a similar strain comes the following: — "Though
the population of the earth is 1500 millions, it is well
known that the earth could easily support many times
the present population in ease and comfort, if national
artificial barriers were removed, and all were agreed to
base their intercourse on true reciprocity. Meanwhile,
we tolerate a barbarous state, whereby more than a
tenth of mankind is permanently submerged, partly
owing to enormous national standing armies, and partly
owing to no limit being put to competition among the
poor, or to monopoly amongst the rich. When will a
better thing than ancient jubilee be proclaimed, that
every twenty years every man shall get restored to him
^is 1,500,0^00.000 share of the value of the earth ; and
when will there be but one standing army for the
whole earth, to federate the law-abiding nations against
the lawless ? "

Here the reader will probably rub his eyes in
astonishment! This is scarcely conventional "mission-
ary talk," and even where the most liberal interpreta-

A Remarkable Sermon and its Effect

tion is given to the purpose of Missions, language does
not usually frame itself thus. This is the utterance of
a man who might have been identified for a lifetime
with the " Labour Movement " in England, or with the
anti-Trust party in America, instead of being occupied
with herculean efforts on behalf of the great Yellow
Race. Dr. Richard's seeming absorption in the pro-
blems of China has not robbed him of larger and more
general instincts, or prevented him from keeping an
observant eye upon the trend of affairs in the Western
world, and exhibiting a great humanitarian passion. ,
Perhaps it is that, under somewhat varying guises, he
has witnessed the same consequences of natural greed
and selfishness in more lands than one.

Estimating the product of his revised order, he
remarks : " By putting these new principles into
practice, instead of having four or five converts in a
year by the old methods, I had, after two years' work
in the interior, eight days' journey beyond the reach of
Consul or gunboat, one thousand converts and in-
quirers."

The comprehensiveness of the means employed to
reach the numerous classes comprised within the one
nationality, is manifest from passages written three
decades after the experiment was first tried : —

" By preaching deliverance from the poverty and
weakness of China, by showing them how material
benefits to the people would accrue to the extent of a
million taels per day, and how permanent peace would
follow to their country without squandering their little
hoards on useless armaments, we secure the sympathy
and co-operation of all the Confucianists in China.

" By preaching the importance of a right attitude
towards the superhuman powers which eternally direct
the affairs of the universe, and the incomparable value
of the eternal state of man, compared with his short
span of .life on earth, we secure the sympathy and
co-operation of all the Buddhists of China.

" By preaching how to control the forces of nature to

Timothy Richard, D.D.

serve our purposes, as the Taoists have long dreamed
that men might become far superior to the very gods,
we secure the sympathy and co-operation of all the
Taoists of China.

" By preaching the discovery of the true key to the
mysteries of truth and prosperity in this life, and a sure
life of eternal bliss in the future, we secure the sym-
pathy and co-operation of all the Secret Sects who
have turned away from Confucianism, Buddhism, and
Taoism, in the hope of obtaining truth elsewhere.

" Thus, by the grace of God, after our marvellous
experience during the last thirty years, we are justified
in saying that when we utilise the Divine Spirit on
human hearts, on the forces of nature, and on the
material wealth of the universe, so that the mind and
conscience of men and dead matter are in complete
harmony with each other, we utilise Eternal Omni-
potence, Divine Wisdom, and Infinite Love. If God
be for us, who can be against us ? The conversion of
China to this view of the Kingdom of God is not only
certain, but when properly presented, who will be bold
enough to deny that this great nation may soon be
born in a day ? "

N^early seven years after his appointment, the Baptist
Missionary Society had reluctantly to refer to Mr.
Richard as "our sole missionary in China." One who
went out with him and settled at Ning-po, preferred
upon arrival to work independently. A little later
Mr. Richard had the welcome assistance, for two years,
of a medical missionary, but afterwards was left alone.

Convinced that it would be for the promotion of the
Mission's best interests to transfer from Chefoo to a
central city, near a Treaty Port, he had removed in
1874 to Ching-chow-fu, a place with a population of
about 30,000, in a department containing three millions
of inhabitants. He was the only foreigner residing
there. Generally there was a great willingness to hear
what the teaching of the new religion was. In one
county he had the names of ten men, living in as many

A Remarkable Sermon and its Effect

different towns or villages, with an invitation to visit
them in their homes as soon as he could spare the
necessary time. In addition, he had a number of
acquaintances in every one of the eleven counties
comprised in the department. It was next to impos-
sible for him, however, to leave the town, as he had
frequent visitors from the country round, who were
disappointed if they found him away.

The authorities did not take kindly to his presence.
He could not be legally ejected from the house
which — after a temporary sojourn in an inn — he had
succeeded in renting, but false rumours were spread
in order to create a hostile feeling. The inhabitants
of the Manchu city, Ching-chow-fu, were secretly
intimidated by threats of decrees of billets if they
visited him. " Scarcely a day passes," he wrote at
this time, " without something to throw cold water
upon my hopes; but, thank God, He permits the rays
of sunshine to gladden my heart also."

An epidemic turned the tide in the missionary's
favour. Several families applied to him for relief.
Many he treated successfully himself; those whose
cases required more knowledge and skill than he
possessed he sent to Dr. Henderson, of the United
Presbyterian Mission in Chefoo. The friendliness of
the people was thus secured, and the malicious
rumours were suppressed.

The poverty of Christian books in Chinese appealed
forcibly to Mr. Richard, and he made an early contri-
bution towards remedying the defect by translating
Walker's " Philosophy of the Plan of Salvation." It
was, in truth, much more than a translation, for, while
the argument was that of the original author, the
introduction was almost entirely fresh, and the work
was adapted to the native mind by the choice of
Chinese illustrations. The chapters appeared first
in Wenli — the literary language — in the Shanghai
Church News. The Mandarin — vernacular — transla-
tion came later.

4 49

CHAPTER III
The Great Famine

A RUDE disturbance of Mr. Richard's penetrating
studies and specialised service occurred by reason
of the unparalleled famine of 1876-78. This origi-
nated in a drought which had attacked thirteen out of
the eighteen Provinces of China. Shantung was the
earliest to experience this terrible visitation. Presently
it shifted its centre to Shansi, which tasted — alas ! the
word sounds almost ironical — the bitterness of drought
and subsequent famine more severely than the rest,
though Honan and Chihli also felt the pangs of
hunger with appalling acuteness. The rigour of
famine commenced in Shansi in 1877, and was at its
height in the spring of the following year, during the
greater part of which it continued.

When the corn was exhausted the people fell back
upon the corn-husks, potato stalks, elm bark, buckwheat
stalks, turnip leaves, and grass seeds. The last, having
been gathered in the fields, were separated from the
dust by sifting. Owners of land were compelled to
part with it at 15 per cent, of its value. Houses
were pulled down and the timbers sold to procure the
barest means of subsistence. The rotten sorghum stalks
with which their dwellings were roofed, and the dried
leaves commonly used for fuel, were devoured. Clay,
mixed with chaff or grass, was consumed to keep body
and soul alive. Wives and children were parted with in
the agonising effort to preserve existence.

Of clothing, large numbers had practically none, and
the weather was cold. They accordingly constructed

The Great Famine

pits, in which underground refuges the fetid breath of
the crowd contributed warmth, though this foul condi-
tion led to disease and death. There were four pits in
the east suburb of Ching-chow-fu. In six weeks,
however, one-third of the original occupants — 240 in
number — had died. Yet so soon as a corpse was carried
out there was a fierce struggle for the vacant place.

Villages were depopulated wholesale. The following
extract from one of Mr. Richard's letters at this period
gives a description typical of the dire necessities of the
unhappy creatures : — " Out of a family of four, three are
dead of starvation, and the fourth, a little boy, is under
my care. Another little boy, not recovered irom small-
pox, was brought to me because his father died last
night. A young woman of twenty was found dead in
a temple close by this morning. ' Who is dead or
dying?' is the subject of everybody's conversation; and
the worst is yet to come, I fear."

The gruel supplied by the Relief Committee was all
that many of these poor folk bad to live upon for some
time, and such was the inevitable weakness which
prevailed that even young men of twenty were unequal
to walking a distance of ten li for this succour, and
gradually sank and died.

A native teacher, sent out to investigate and report
on a certain district, found a pit for the burial of the
dead, called " Ten Thousand Men Pit," and saw some
of the few dogs still uneaten feeding upon the corpses.
But it was not only dogs, alas ! who preyed upon the
bodies of the victims. Those with life yet remaining
sought to stay the ravages of hunger by cannibalism.
Said the Shanghai correspondent of the Times : "They
eat the dead, and when there are none to take, they
kill the living for the same purpose. This is no
Oriental exaggeration, but the actual state of things in
a district not 700 miles from Shanghai."

Li Ho-mien, Governor of Honan and Yuan, and
Special High Commissioner for Famine Relief, in a
memorial appealing for State assistance, which

Timothy Richard, D.D.

appeared in the Peking Oazette, summarised the
hideous situation thus: "In the earlier period of
distress the living fed upon the bodies of the dead ;
next, the strong devoured the weak ; and now the
general destitution has arrived at such a climax that
men devour those of their own flesh and blood." The
total death roll has been reasonably estimated at fifteen
millions at least.

When the famine cast its pall over the interior of
Shantung, Mr. Richard wrote to a friend in Chefoo,
detailing the disaster. The Dutch Minister (Mr.
Ferguson), the British Consul (Mr. George Jamieson),
the community doctor (Dr. Carmichael), and other old
friends of the missionary took the matter into
immediate and practical consideration and wrote to
Shanghai, urging the formation of a Relief Committee
there. The extension of the area of suffering to Shansi
led ^the Shanghai Committee to ask Mr. Richard,
through the Rev. Dr. Muirhead, of the London Mission-
ary Society, their Secretary, to superintend the
distribution in Shansi.

Only eight months previously Mr. Richard had
received a recruit in the person of the Rev. A. G.
Jones, a man of private means, gained in the successful
business career of his earlier years, who became a self-
supporting missionary, and a liberal donor to the
Mission funds. Mr. Jones was a worker of a rare spirit,
who surrendered all the prospects of wealth and ease
for the hard toil and many discomforts of the mission-
ary's lot. He met a sudden death in 1905, in the
destruction of a house through flood.

Entrusting the thousand converts and inquirers in
Shantung to the care of Mr. Jones and Pastor Ohing,
Mr. Richard proceeded the twenty-one days' journey
by mule-cart to T'ai-yiian-fu, the capital of Shansi.

In accordance with the noble precedent regarding
occasions of widespread calamity, in whatever part of
the world, a Mansion House Relief Fund was started
and reached about £60,000. The Rev. Arnold Foster,

The Great Famine

of the London Missionary Society, who was in England
on furlough, rendered invaluable service in the raising
of funds, and for some time was able to send a thousand
pounds per week to Shanghai. The foreign com-
munities in the various Chinese cities followed the
example of Shanghai in contributing; and the
Committee in the city named undertook the division
of all relief funds among the Protestant and Roman
Catholic almoners. One-half of the £70,000 secured
in all was distributed by the Protestants in Chihli and
the Roman Catholics in four other Provinces. The
other half was assigned, for distribution, to the
Protestant missionaries in Shansi.

"Great as the eflforts of foreigners were," says Mr.
Richard, " they were a mere drop in the bucket
compared with what the Chinese Government itself
did. It gave at least two millions of pounds between
the remission of taxes and the direct relief it gave to
Shansi alone."

Several other experienced and devoted missionaries,
including the R^v. David Hill, of the Wesleyan
Missionary Society ; Mr. Joshua Turner, of the China
Inland Mission, afterwards of the Baptist Missionary
Society ; and Mr. Whiting, of the American Presby-
terian Mission, went to the assistance of Mr. Richard
in his heroic measures of relief.

Famine fever was responsible for well-nigh as many
deaths as hunger, and as showing the perils risked
by the good Samaritans, Mr. Whiting was brought
down by fever ere he could begin operations, and
passed away after three weeks' sickness. Mr. Turner
also was at one time stricken with illness, which nearly
proved fatal, the result of a cold contracted by venturing
out in the heavy rain on his errands of mercy. Never-
theless, during twenty months, Mr. Richard and his
immediate helper? personally relieved nearly 160,000
people in seven of the eighty hiens, or counties, of
Shansi — the whole Province being about the size of
England and Scotland.

Timothy Richard, D.D.

The figures just given are but part, of course, of the
number relieved, and represent only a fraction of the
needy cases. In one of his letters to Dr. Muirhead
Mr. Richard reported : " The names of eight or nine
million have been taken down for relief! That people
pull down their houses, sell their wives and daughters,
eat roots and carrion, clay and leaves, is news which
nobody wonders at. It is the regular thing. If this
were not enough to move one's pity, the sight of men
and women lying helpless on the roadside, or if dead,
torn by hungry dogs and magpies should do ; and the
news which has reached us, even the last few days, of
children being boiled and eaten up, is so fearful as to
make one shudder at the thought."

Transmitting this communication to the Baptist
Missionary Society, Dr. Muirhead wrote : " Mr. Richard
is held in high honour for his work's sake, and as he
has won for himself the title to our estimation and
regard, we shall exert ourselves to the utmost in
sympathy with his appeals, and in aid of the object he
has in view."

To Mr. Jamieson, the British Consul at Chefoo,
under date 10th December, 1877, Mr. Richard said:
" The suffering here [T'ai-yiian-fu] is far severer than
in Shantung, and it seems worse than in Ching-chow-
fu even. Yesterday, for the first time, I went outside
the south gate to see the poor getting relief It is
said about 10,000 come there daily. All I can say is,
they went in an incessant stream. On my way from
there to the west gate I saw a little girl, of about
sixteen years of age, lying on the ground helpless.
She was so weak as to speak with difficulty. Farther
on, there were six corpses, some of them newly carried
out, being torn limb from limb by the dogs. Looking
north-west from the west gate there were groups of
dofs and magpies fighting for more, and in their midst
a man picking up the scanty rags which once had
covered them. The sight made my heart bleed. I
did not care to count any more, but hastened to the

The Great Famine

city to get some bread for the poor girl, to spare her
5uch -a fearful burial ! . . . The proclamations admit
ihat there has been none like it for 200 years,
and there are places still worse than the capital."

Out one day, arranging for the supply of relief,
Mr. Richard met a father and son carrying a beam
black with soot. They had thirty li to go to sell it for
fuel, and would only get 150 cash for it. The son had
not recovered from smallpox, but was obliged to get
up or starve.

In one village Mr. Richard found a house which two
months previously had contained seven persons; only
a boy of thirteen remained, and he seemed but a day
or two from death. This lad the missionary took
under his care. " I have another little boy," he wrote,
" the only one left of a family of six. The grand-
mother committed suicide, the father and a sister died
of starvation, another sister was sold, and the mother
got married (?) — anything to live. Every market has
heaps of doors and windows cut up for fuel. Every
village has houses pulled down, and the country presents
the appearance it might have done had a raid of rebels
passed over it — with this difference, that the suffering
caused by the rebels over a large extent is of far
shorter duration. . . . Snow covers the ground, so that
the poor creatures can pick up nothing to stay the
pangs of their gnawing hunger. Three months hence
some weeds will grow, and the trees will be in leaf, and
on these the poor creatures can support themselves.
Now the frozen ground yields nothing but pits for the
dead."

" The poorest people," another letter says, " are
dependent on willow and elm leaves, elm bark, and
the various innocuous weeds that are beginning to
spring up, without even salt to season the pottage.
Yesterday I saw a family of four — one a pitiable, little
skeleton of six or seven years old — ravenously eating
while assorting the ' greens ' ready for boiling. Three
of this family had already died, or gone oflf to try and

Timothy Richard, D.D. .

live by begging. Perhaps the most pitiable of all th(
sights one sees in going among these famine-stricker
villages is that of a child of two or three years ol(|
bright-faced, notwithstanding its dirt and emaciation,
leaning against a dish of boiled weeds, to which there
may have been added a handful of millet-chaff, ana
picking out with its bony little fingers one leaf or one
stalk after another, as if even this effort were beyono
its strength. It is only when they can manage to gef
a few cash that even chaff can be had to mix with
their weeds. All the elm trees about many of the
villages are stripped of their bark as high as the'
starving people can manage to get ; they would peel
them to the top, but haven't the strength."

Mr. Richard bore testimony to the wonderfully
patient endurance of the people and their quiet
demeanour throughout the terrible ordeal. But
enough !

The devoted services of the missionaries won general
recognition and high praise. Consul Hillier, in his
official report to Lord Salisbury, Secretary of State
for Foreign Affairs, wrote : " It would be invidious to
make any distinction in recording the services of
missionaries ; but Mr. Richard, whose Chinese name —
Li Ti-Mo-Tai — is known far and wide among all classes
of natives, stands out so conspicuously that he must be
regarded as the chief of the distributors. . . . He had
experience in 1877 of similar work in Shantung, and
by his great tact and power of organisation, has been
a powerful agent in bringing relief to a successful
termination. . . . Lives which bear every mark of
transparent simplicity and truthfulness, that will
stand the test of the severest scrutiny, must in the
end have their due effect. It seems presumptuous to
offer a tribute of praise to men whose literal interpre-
tations of the call of duty have placed them almost
beyond the reach of popular commendation ; but
perhaps I may be allowed to say that anyone who
has seen the lives that these men are leiading, cannot

The Great Famine

fail to feel proud of being able to claim them as
countrymen of his own."

Not at first did the native officials display the grateful
appreciation of their benefactors they so deserved, and
which was afterwards given ungrudgingly. Some
feared that political motives had actviated the mission-
aries, and hence showed coldness towards their efiforts.
When doubts were dispelled, and the disinterestedness
of the relief was recognised, officials were appointed to
help the distributors, their names appeared in the
official Provincial Gazette, and proclamations were
issued informing the inhabitants of their good inten-
tions. The people were urged not to wrangle about
the amount given, but to accept it with thankfulness.
One of the native papers in Shanghai had a warmly
appreciative article on the noble character of the work
and the peril involved in it.

Prejudice, while it lasted, made the work increasingly
difficult. Belief had been administered in T'ai-yiian-fu
for more than twelve months, when a new magistrate
arrived. The powers of his class are very extensive.
He had not been long installed when he gave credence
to the story of a disafi'ected individual concerning the
orphanage, into which many of the tiny sufferers from
the famine had been gathered. Mr. Richard was
200 miles away at the time. The magistrate
issued a proclamation, a copy of which was posted at
the door of the institution, insinuating that the
orphanage had been opened for some mysterious
purposes, and warning the citizens against being
beguiled by fair appearances. It took a week for news
of the proclamation to reach Mr. Richard, and another
week for his reply to be delivered. Meanwhile, all
sorts of evil reports spread throughout the Province,
with the rapidity usual to such tidings. The mission-
aries were accused - of running away with children, a
charge which would immediately convey the suggestion
to the native mind that they scooped out their eyes,
and cut out their hearts for medicine,

Timothy Richard, D.D.

Mr. Richard, thinking it well to go direct to head-
quarters, wrote to the Governor, expressing regret that
intercourse between Chinese and foreigners was yet so
imperfect as to allow of such misunderstandings, and
intimating that in view of what had happened he had
given instructions for all the children to be sent over
to the official orphanage within five days. The
Governor and Provincial Treasurer indicated great
concern and regret at what had occurred, and ordered
the magistrate to issue a second proclamation immedi-
ately, in a style quite contrary to that of the first. The
Governor also sent word to T'ai-yiian-fu that on no
account were the missionaries to part with the orphans
in their care.

So confidence was gained and kept, and whereas,
before, officials of all grades had repeatedly asserted
that missionaries and opium were doing much harm
to the peaceful relations of the Chinese with England,
the missionaries were able, in time of severe crisis, to
prove by their action that they were the best friends of
the Empire. No others manifested any such eager-
ness to cope with the problem, save officials with an
eye to promotion. Offices were offered for sale
extensively, and large sums were raised by this means,
but apart from proceedings of that nature and official
coercion, no efforts to raise native aid were visible on
any large scale, except at the ports, where foreign aid
lent a stimulus. Thus, whatever opinions the leaders
of the nation might still entertain regarding the
missionaries' doctrine, they could no longer doubt their
sincerity, or fail of gratitude for the genuine concern
they exhibited for, and their devotion to, the well-being
of the nation.

The warmth of the people's sentiments towards their
benefactors was shown by their good-intentioned, if
mistaken, wish to place tablets in their honour in the
temples, to be worshipped. To that the missionaries
naturally offered objection, for iteasons which they of
course explained; but in some parts inscribed stones

ME. EICHAED CARRYING HIS Ji'LAG THROUGH A FAMIKE CITY
(The inscription signifies " Pray to tlie true God ")

Timothy Richard, D.D.

were erected by way of public monument, setting forth
the good deeds accomplished. In one place, the gentry
of the county and the chief people of the city came in
a body, on the departure of the missionaries, to speed
them with their evidence of gratitude. At the sides •
of the streets were tables covered with red cloths and
laden with refreshments. Mr. Richard, Mr. Hill, and
Mr. Turner were offered mandarin rank, but declined
the honour.

Spiritual results were not wanting, though they
were less apparent in Shansi than in Shantung. One
reason was that the mere distribution of relief made
such demands upon the missionaries' time as to leave
them little opportunity for directly religious effort.
Yet they never once distributed in any village without
an address, more or less long, upon their higher mission.
The greatest drawback to an extensive spiritual
impression was the lack of preparation. I u Shantung,
missionaries had been labouring for years, and had
gathered round them a band of native preachers.
Going to Shansi meant breaking up new ground. No
Protestant missionaries had resided in the Province
hitherto. It required time to overcome the caution of
the devout and "worthy" among the people — not
given to commit themselves immediately to strangers,
of whose motives they might not feel entirely sure.
Nevertheless, the seed sown was not wholly, devoid of
fruit ; some inquirers were gathered. >

In addition to the spoken word, the missionaries,
during the two years of relief work, wrote out large
bills, urging the people to pray to the true God.
These were sent through the villages and pasted upon
the walls of private houses. Mr. Richard even saw
some of them in the temples twelve months after they
were issued, sure sign that there was no deep-seated
animosity to the new doctrine. To attract yet more
attention a large white flag was made, inscribed with a
similar appeal. This Mr. Richard himself carried
through some of the chief cities of the Province.

The Great Famine

To improve the occasion, and give permanence to
the lessons taught by the disaster, Mr. Richard wrote
a pamphlet in Chinese upon the causes — physical,
political, moral, and religious — of the famine, with
suggestions for avoiding a recurrence of the calamity.
In view also of the threatened war between China and
Russia, be wrote a pamphlet on Peace. These were
sent to the Foreign Office in Peking and circulated
among the official class.

The famine being over, portions of Scripture and
tracts were distributed in all the chief towns and
market-places of the Province, while specially prepared
pamphlets were given to the 7000 candidates for the
Chinese M.A. degree, assembled in the Provincial
capital from all parts of the Province.

CHAPTER IV
The Personal Transition Period

IT was in the second year of the relief efforts that
Mr. Richard found a helpmeet in Miss Mary
Martin, of the United Presbyterian Mission,
Chefoo. She was born in 1843 in Edinburgh, where
her father did a useful work as a city missionary. Her
mother was a cousin of the distinguished artist, the
late John MacWhirter, R.A.

Miss Martin, from her early childhood, displayed
great intellectual capacity, so much so that at fourteen
years of age she was appointed assistant teacher in the
Normal School of which she had been a pupil. After
some years of experience in teaching, private and
public, she became attached to the staff of the
Merchant Company's College School, Edinburgh, and
there remained for six years, until, in 1876, she went
to China. It is a curious coincidence that she was one
of three Marys sent out by her Church on the same
day. Working at Chefoo under the Rev. Alexander
Williamson, LL.D., she was speedily competent to take
charge of a Chinese school, and also began evangelistic
work in the surrounding villages, with the assistance
of a Biblewoman.

When the famine broke out, and brought the fever
in its train, a large number of refugees took shelter
in Peking, Tientsin, and Chefoo, and were nursed by
Christian missionaries. The death-rate was high, and
not only the natives, but a number of foreigners also,
caught the disease. Of the latter only three in North
China survived, of whom Miss Martin was one. It was

The Personal Transition Period

a letter from Mr. Richard to her, congratulating her
upon recovery, which began a correspondence issuing
in marriage.

The wedding trip was , simply the way to their home
in T'ai-yiian-fu. A missionary admirer remarks con-
cerning it : " Surely never had bride and bridegroom a
more weird honeymoon than these two heroic souls on
their journey through desolated Shansi ! For weeks
their hearts were torn with sympathy at the dreadful
sights along the road, caused by the famine and the
drought.fljjpanger of life was not infrequent at T'ai-
yiian-fu, through reports being circulated that the
foreigners were the cause of all the trouble."

Three months only had passed since their marriage
when Mr. Richard, with the fellow-missionaries named
in the previous chapter, went to southern Shansi, the
seat of the most severe distress. Mrs. Richard mean-
while took charge of the school of famine orphans at
T'ai-yiian-fu. In addition she devoted some time to
reading Chinese with a native teacher, and to translat-
ing and adapting a tract by Dr. Rouse, of India,
entitled, " How to Pass the Great Examination." In
this little Gospel message the literary examinations of
China were contrasted with the Day of Judgment. At
the following triennial examinations, when selected book-
lets were distributed by missionaries among the crowds
of students attending, this was chosen as one of them.

During Mr. Richard's absence there was one day a
riot in the Mission compound. Another missionary
had offered relief, but the crowd which gathered was
in excess of the number which could be supplied.
With much trouble the throng was forced to quit the
premises, but Mrs. Richard and the scholars narrowly
escaped serious injury from stones and brickbats hurled
over the wall by the disappointed claimants.

An extension of Mrs. Richard's work included the
superintendence of schools in the country round, the
scholars attending at T'ai-yiian-fu once a month for
examination. She translated into Chinese "The

Timothy Richard, D.D.

Dairyman's Daughter," and other of the " Annals
of the Podr," by the late Eev. Legh Richmond. At
this period also she began the translation of the series
of Christian biographies, in later years published in a
number of volumes, and covering the history of the
Church from the Apostolic age to the present.

For three y^rs Mr. Richard gave monthly lectures
to the hundreds of expectant mandarins who resided
for a time in T'ai-ylian-fu, upon the religion, the
history, the education, and the science of Christendom.
These were also delivered to many of th^(|§rofessors
and students in the colleges in the city. The good
feeling created among these influential men was such
that, at the end of eight year^, there were fifty Pro-
testant missionaries in the Province, living and working
undisturbed by riotous opposition. Such a condition
was unique in the Provinces of China up to that time.
Appreciation extended to the desire on the part of some
of the mandarins that the missionaries would train their
. children, dread of harm having been entirely removed.

Mrs. Richard's school work was handed over, in a
couple of years or so, to another Mission, which had
started schools in T'ai-yiian-fu. The giving up of this
portion of their work was a source of deep regret to
both Mr. and Mrs. Richard, but they adopted the line
on principle, believing that it would prevent any
suspicion entering the native mind of there being
rivalry between the Missions. The majority of the
scholars were bond-fide Christians, and care of them
was guaranteed by those who now assumed charge of
the school. Mrs. Richard, thus set free for other
duties, took to increased visitation of the wives of the
mandarins, and the conducting of Bible classes, besides
training Biblewpmen, and superintending their work
in the villages.

An illness which developed alarming symptoms
overtook Mr. Richard in 1882. He had gone a fort-
night's cart journey from T'ai-yiian-fu to Chi-nan-fu,
in the course of a hot July — the hottest in his experi-

MB. AND MRS. BIOHAKD IN" CHINESE COSTUME
(A photograph taken about thirty years ago)

Timothy Richard, D.D.

eace — and was laid low by dyseatery. So critical was
his condition that he lost all expectation of recovery.
He wrote to his colleagues in Ching-chow-fu, three
days off, who were the nearest foreigners, sending
farewell messages, and expressing his wishes as to place
of burial. Mr. Kitts, one of the Mission staff, set out
with all speed on horseback, and arrived in thirty-six
hours, but, overpowered by the weather, was at once
attacked by the disease. The Rev. J. S. Whitewright
followed next day, in the same haste, and he too fell a
victim. Then Mrs. Kitts, in a sedan chair, came upon
the scene, and nursed all three till they recovered.

Great feeling and consideration were shown to the
invalids by the Governor of Shantung. " No Christian
Governor," says Mr. Richard, " could have been kiader."
He dispatched an official to Mr. Richard, with an
intimation that he was to have everything he required.
When the three 'became well the Governor sent an
escort of soldiers to bring them safely to Ching-chow-fu.

Mr. and Mrs. Richard's four daughters were all born
in T'ai-yiian-fu. The father was at home to greet the
first little arrival, but important obligations in connec-
tion with the Mission called him to .Shantung and
Peking when the others were born. One of them he
did not see until she was seven months old. Such are
the responsibilities of a missionary's career, and such is
the readiness for long separation to which the
missionary's wife must school herself. Like many
another, however, Mrs. Richard had made this the
motto of her life — the words indeed are her own — " It
must be God and His work that is to be first in our
thoughts, and each other next."

At the end of 1884 these untiring workers came to
England for their first furlough, after an absence of
fifteen and eighteen years respectively. In Shanghai,
their port of embarkation, they were met by the
Rev. David Hill, who journeyed specially from Hankow.
He and Mr. Richard visited TsSng, the Viceroy of
Nanking, Under whom they had distributed relief in

The Personal Transition Period

Shansi. In certain Provinces Christians were under-
going persecution at this time, and it was their hope
that Tseng, in remembrance of the missionaries'
services, would exercise his influence to stay the
cruelty, but they were disappointed.

Visits were paid by Mr. Richard, while on furlough,
to Paris and Berlin, that he might investigate first-
hand the new educational systems in vogue there since
the Franco-German War.

Ever busy with plans for the increased fruitfulness
of Missions, Mr. Richard excogitated a scheme whereby,
as he conceived, " the efficiency and economy of work
could be increased eightfold with the same income."
The proposals he formulated included the establish-
ment of a Christian College in every Province of the
Emj)ire, each College being responsible for evangelistic
work in its own area. There was a further suggestion,
pressed with equal force, that all accepted missionaries
should follow a definite course of study in the Science
of Missions, upon the same principle that compels a
medical missionary to acquire a competent acquaint-
ance with his profession ere he goes to the field. This
plan was laid before the Baptist and other Societies,
but the Baptist Missionary Society Committee , did not
see their way to endorse the scheme.

It must be confessed that when Mr. Richard returned
to China it was with more than a little disquiet of
mind, and some uncertainty as to his being able to '
adapt himself to the regulations governing the work.

The return was made in the autumn of 1886. The
two elder girls — seven and six years of age — were left
at home, and five recruits — three of them intended
brides of missionaries ; the others, bachelor missionaries
— belonged to Mr. Richard's company. An attack of
sprue seized Mrs. Richard in the Red Sea, and she
grew seriously and continuously worse after being
settled once more in' China. Winter passed by, spring
came, and then summer, with the severity of the
disease still increased. A fatal termination was antici-

Timothy Richard, D.D.

pated. Dr. E. H. Edwards, of T'ai-yiian-fu, however,
gave Mr. and Mrs. Richard an Indian book explaining
the milk treatment. This was followed with immediate
benefit and complete recovery within a month.

The fruit of former sowing was beginning to appear.
In the Baptist Missionary Society Report for 188T
occurs the following from Mr. Richard's pen : — " It is a
pleasure to know that the place where we distributed
most relief a few years ago is showing signs of much
interest in the Gospel now. Over a hundred of the
people, I hear, have been baptised there by members
of another Society. In more than one part of China
there has been considerable disturbance of Mission
work, missionaries being driven out of the place and
their property destroyed. But in this Province we are
very thankful to record perfect peace. ' Neither the
of&cials, the students, nor people have raised any
opposition.

" It is also a satisfaction to learn that the Mission on
which Mr. James [the Rev. Francis James of the
Baptist Missionary Society] and myself visited Peking
in regard to persecution three years ago did not end
without some good result. Two proclamations in
different parts of China were put up this time to
repress disturbances, and each of these quoted a
proclamation which was issued from Peking shortly
after our visit there, stating that the wish of the
Chinese Government was that there should be peace
among its people, irrespective of the question whether
they were Christians or not."

An addition of other five missionaries to the staff
revived the differences in judgment as to methods, and
Mr. and Mrs. Richard, not wishing to perpetuate
discussion of these, or reveal any disunion to the
natives, left T'ai-yiian-fu in October, 1887, for Peking,
where they remained eighteen months.

Mrs. Richard had the care of her younger children's
education, but was enabled to do some wider work also.
She instructed two mandarins of high rank — the son

The Personal Transition Period

of the Marquis Tseng, and a grandson of a Viceroy of
Canton — in English, these being the first of their class
to acquire the language. Other pupils were the son of
the Japanese Minister and some members of the
Japanese Legation. The New Testament was studied
by the Japanese with Mrs. Richard at their particular
request, and later, with the entire consent of the
Japanese Minister, they were baptised.

The Baptist Missionary Society staff in Shantung
now unanimously urged Mr. and Mrs. Richard to
resume work in that Province, following out their
own special views. While Mr. Richard was conferring
in Shantung with his brethren on the matter, another
famine swept over Shansi. Mr. Richard returned and
threw himself with the energy of the former occasion
into the work of relief, fortified with the experience
then gained. He was not, however, fortified against
disease, and some months of toil on the sands of the
Yellow River, with the glare of the reflected heat,
induced famine fever. From this he recovered, but
subsequently had a paralytic seizure, which affected
his right arm, his feet, and, to an extent, his speech.
Medical advice was definitely against his taking up his
residence in Shantung. Hence, although his goods and
chattels were packed, and he and his family were
in Tientsin awaiting departure, the plan had to be
abandoned.

At this time the Baptist Missionary Society Com-
mittee had sent out the Rev. Richard (now Dr.) Glover,
of Bristol, and the late Rev. T. M. Morris, of Ipswich, to
report upon the entire question of the China Mission.

Meanwhile, in 1890, an offer was made to Mr. Richard
that he should become the editor of a Chinese daily
newspaper in Tientsin, the only Chinese daily in the
north of the Empire. This offer he accepted for twelve
months, maintaining himself thus without cost to the
Society. The influence he exerted by means of this
engagement was very considerable. There were only
six other dailies in China at that date. By these, half

Timothy Richard, D.D.

of Mr. Richard's leaders were reprinted, and in all the
maritime Provinces, from Peking to Canton, and from
Shanghai to Hankow, the broader teaching of Christi-
anity was accordingly disseminated. Mr. Richard
aimed to show " how Christianity is the salvation of
nations as well as individuals." "Previously," he says,
"the Chinese dailies were fed on rumours, and had no
facts to guide them, as not a single Chinese editor then
knew a foreign language."

How great need there was for the enlightenment
which Christian ethics could produce is shown by the
description Mr. Richard gives of the state of things
then existing. " The population of China increases at
the rate of four millions a year. . . . Without new
means of support, this increase of population means
the increased poverty of the existing inhabitants. As
these are already as poor as they can be and live,
every increase means death. This is literally true.
Under various names, droughts, jfloods, &c., about
twenty millions must have perished from starvation
during the last dozen years. This year, in the Province
where Peking and Tientsin are situated, we have great
floods, such as they have not experienced here since
the memory of the oldest living, and a few millions are
expected to die before next year's wheat harvest. The
saddest thing about all this poverty and starvation is
that not one in a thousand of the mandarins either
know the cause or the remedy. Such as did know,
like the Marquis Tseng, who had been Minister to
England, and his uncle, the Viceroy of Nanking, and
especially the Emperor's father (the Seventh Prince),
have suddenly been cut off by death. Now, alas ! few of
the remaining mandarins know howto save their country.

" During the springy owing to the absence of exact
information, and of suitable education about the new
forces at work in China, disgrapeful calumnies were
spread about Missions, especially Romanist. The
Mitesionary Conference [Shanghai, 1890] appointed
seven of us to draw up a statement of Christianity, etc.,

The Personal Transition Period

with a view to present it to the Gov«rnmeat, to prevent
the consequences of unchecked, mischievous rumours.

" The editorship of the paper has enabled me to call
attention repeatedly to these evils — politically, in
leaving the people to perish for lack of food ; religiously,
in leaving the millions of the land without any religious
instruction, actually like sheep without a shepherd,
and at the mercy of the ignorant and evil-minded. . . .
The most energetic Viceroy in all China lately tele-
graphed to me for a copy to be sent regularly to him."

Personal intercourse with individuals was continued
as before. One of the devout scholars in the neigh-
bourhood of Tientsin came to Mr. Richard and was
baptised. " Soon he himself wished to help to spread
the Gospel. I advised him to follow out our Lord's
special method of ' seeking the worthy ' first. In the
spring of this year he brought two men— father and
son — who come from a family who have been for
generations devout, and what is more, who are said to
be Jews originally ! After waiting for about a month
for my return from the Missionary Conference in
Shanghai, they had to return without seeing me, as
I was delayed. They had come about sixty miles.
This week the son appeared again, and has come to
know when he and. his father may be baptised. They
have committed portions of our Christian books to
memory. They are well-to-do. The son, who is
twenty-eight years old, wishes to have his son, a lad
of ten years old, educated in a Christian school instead
of in heathenism, and will gladly pay all expenses."

Another convert from the "worthy" class visited
three Taoist priests, old friends of his, who had been
searching for years for the true religion, and were
anxious to join the Christian Church, being persuaded
that the truth was in Jesus Christ.

For the Shanghai Conference referred to above,
Mr. Richard was asked to write a paper on the Relation
of the Government to the Christian Church, in which
he exposed the iniquities of what we may term the

Timothy Richard, D.D.

" Blue Books,'' and prophesied that, as a consequence
of the cheap issue of these by the Government, riots
would break out in many places. His forecast was
verified, for the same year grave disturbances occurred
all along the Yangtze valley, and later at Kuching,
near Foo-chow, when eleven members of missionary
families — mostly women and children — were killed.

A peculiarly interesting publication — one of several
composed during the Tientsin period — interesting
because of the circumstances of its inception, was a
reply to a question put to Mr. Richard by the great
Viceroy Li Hung Chang, " What is the Good of
Christianity ? " It treated historically of the material,
intellectual, political, social,^ moral, and spiritual
benefits of the Gospel.

Mrs. Richard also found congenial service in Tientsin
with the Methodist Episcopal Mission, who requested
her to aid them, which she did by training Biblewomen.
To her exceeding joy she learned afterwards that so
whole-hearted and qualified were tWo of these that, in
the course of a year or two, they had gathered a
■company of no fewer than two hundred disciples.

CHAPTER V
The Christian Literature Society

A FITTING sphere for the exercise of Mr. Richard's
gifts offered when he was invited, upon the death
of Dr. Alexander Williamson, the principal
founder and Hon. Secretary of the Society for the
Diffusion of Christian and General Knowledge amongst
the Chinese, now known as the Christian Literature
Society for China, to become his successor in Shanghai.
He had been travelling unconsciously towards this post
for years, for his convictions as to the need of specialised
service in Missions had led him more and more in this
direction, and he had tried his 'prentice hand long ago.
It was his belief that nothing really adequate had yet
been done to supply China with a literature essentially
Christian in spirit and aim, even though not, as to its
every production, treating of purely spiritual themes.
Indeed, it is Dr. Richard's deep lament to-day, after
twenty years spent in endeavouring to establish such a
literature, that the support given to enterprises of this
nature is so comparatively meagre. Without in any
sense belittling the output of the Christian Literature
Society, which is not really small, either as to quality
or quantity, it may be declared to be not a tithe of
what would be were advantage taken of the pressing
need, the large demand, and the , eager response to the
attempt to meet it.

" Not only science and statesmanship,'' says Dr.
Richard, "but philosophy, criticism, culture, are all
handmaids of Christianity in everything that goes for
the uplifting of man. New knowledge is the source of

Timothy Richard, D.D.

progress. It is like the appearance of fresh buds on
the trees in spring. When they do not appear the tree
is dead. It is so with a nation. Here in China the
Christian missionaries have already done wonders ;
over 4000 of them are daily toiling for China. The
evangelists have been like the army of friars, black and
grey, in Europe, full of sympathy and loving help to
the Chinese wherever they go. The medical mission-
aries and philanthropists have done unprecedented
work yearly, relieving millions who are not of their
own nation or race ; the educators have been the
pioneers in modern education, and although, for some
unaccountable reason, there has been an extraordinary
neglect of what Christendom regards as only second in
importance to the Pulpit, viz., the Press, to which less
than a dozen are wholly set apart in China, yet up to
1890 some 80 or 90 per cent, of all books about
China in the West, and all books in Chinese about the
West, have been written by the. missionaries.

"Now that China has established modern schools
and colleges, in twenty years it will have a large armj"^
of qualified men to lead it. Meanwhile, the leaders of
reform in the Government [this in 1907] are calling
out for immediate light on all problems of universal
progress. God has given the Christian Church the
light which China needs. Shall we not at once help
China by making the literary department as large and
as worthy as the other departments?"

The 'necessity for an organised- effort to create and
maintain a means of regular and systematic literary
provision is evident. A recent publication of the
Christian Literature Society remarks : " Apart from the
great work of the Bible Societies, and the translation
of theological or devotional works, sporadic efforts had
been made, by individual missionaries, towards the
formation of a library of useful information on general
subjects. As early as 1815, Milne bad commenced the
publication of a monthly magazine, and had issued a
small volume entitled 'The Two Friends.' In 1818

The Christian Literature Society

Morrison published his ' Voyage Eound the World.'
Others equally far-seeing had followed in their train,
but the total result could have been easily comprised
within the limits of^ a very modest volume. Excluding
the translations undertaken by the Chinese themselves,
and the knowledge supplied in ' tabloid ' form by one
or two missionary magazines, there was, practically, no
literature to furnish the Chinese with the information
which was of the utmost importance to them in
the political crisis which impended, and no settled
plan of correlation between the books already pub-
lished."

The Chinese Missionary Conference of 1877 formed
the School and Text-Book Committee, and its first
Hon. Secretary, Dr. Williamson, founded the Chinese
Tract and Book Society in Glasgow in 1884. Three
years later, at a meeting held in Shanghai, it was
decided to establish the Society for the Diffusion of
Christian and General Knowledge.

Of the Society's earliest efforts it is recorded : " There
was little or no demand for the knowledge they
attempted to diffuse, and but very little machinery
available for the purpose. The books had first to be
prepared, and a market discovered ; and, though to the
majority of onlookers the work appeared to be in advance
of the times, the sequel showed that no moment could
have been more happily chosen."

The reasons which constrained the Society's advisers
to regard Mr. Eichard as the man for the vacant ofiice
are interesting, as showing how one circumstance leads
to another, i Mr. Richard was a frequent contributor to
the Chinese Recorder. One article, entitled "How-
One Man can Preach to a Million," attracted the
notice of Dr. Murdoch, of Madras, Secretary of the
Christian Literature Society for India, who was keenly
interested in the corresponding movement in China,
and had a powerful voice in filling the important post.
His mind was made up that the author of that article
was the man they were seeking. The recommendation

Timothy Richard, D.D.

was endorsed with unqualified approval by all who had
the matter at heart.

Some idea of the arresting and convincing character
of the article referred to may be gained from passages
which deserve quotation. It will then be easy to
understand how it made so great an impression upon
Dr. Murdoch and so materially affected the career of
its author. It may be mentioned that it was originally
read as a paper before the North China Religious Tract
Society. In course of it the writer said : —

" Babylon is proverbial as the University of nations.
Histories taught there on terra cotta libraries in
4000 B.C. were translated by surrounding nations
into their respective languages, until now these histories
are to be found in all the chief languages Asiatic and
European.

" Almost contemporaneously, Egypt became a centre
where the leartiing of Babylon had been added to its
own. There the Greeks studied the various subjects
of knowledge considered important then. These in
turn became the teachers of the Romans in early
times, and after the fall of Constantinople became the
teachers in most of the European Universities, trans-
mitting the accumulated know;ledge of Egypt and Asia
to Europe, and through it again to the new Continent
of America.

" While this spread of knowledge was going on in
the West, Bokhara had become a great Mohammedan
centre, where Indian, Egyptian, Greek, and even Chinese
education met, and from this centre whatever was
thought important was utilised for the service of the
Mohammedan world. Thus we find the various
Governments of the world gathering together the
learning of the world, and making the views of a few
men on certain subjects circulate through empires and
the then known world by means of literature which
millions might study simultaneously. . . .

" In modern days, the Socialists, feeling strongly the
utter unrighteousness of monopolies, in land and

The Christian Literature Society

business, have started under various leaders, in Europe
and America, a series of periodicals which have shaken
the foundations of Governments in two continents.
All the Governments of the West have for some
years been considering great reforms in consequence
of the determined perseverance of a comparatively
few Socialists. They have spoken, and hundreds of
millions constitute their audience through the Press.

" Nor is this activity peculiar to Europe or America.
The Asiatics, who were once supposed to be particularly
conservative, have astonished the world by the com-
paratively bloodless revolution which surpasses in
rapidity even the go-ahead Americans. Thirty years
ago Japan was a sort of antiquated mummy, for the
Emperor was buried alive, for practical purposes, for
many centuries, or even a millennium. A few bold
men left their country, and at the peril of their lives,
visited every land, learnt everything about the strength
and weakness of nations, and ,then came back and
whispered the secret they possessed to a few of their
leaders. All the chief centres of Japan had papers
started in them, and these were like so many beacons
in the darkness around them. Light was thus given
to every town and village in the land. But this vast
and peaceful revolution that astonishes the world was
brought about by a few speaking to the millions of
their fellow-countrymen through the Press. . . .

" When one considers the unique facilities afforded
in China by the same characters being intelligible to
so many millions of people, to influence the rise and
progress of a third or a fourth of the human race, is
there not an opportunity to make, if that were possible,
even the angels of heaven envious of us ?

" But with the opportunity there comes the responsi-
bility. There is yet practically a virgin soil before us
in China. God has put His missionaries first in
possession of this unique opportunity. Oh for the
light of heaven to guide us that we may guide this
people ! Oh for divine wisdom to present to them

Timothy Richard, D.D.

some truth that like a bright motto will attract them,
attract the whole Mongolian race, and lead them
onwards and heavenwards, until they unite with us
to establish the Kingdom of God on earth !

" Again, think of the Sacred Books of the East lately-
published. They represent the faith of at least 800
millions of our fellowmen. Add to this the millions of
every age since these books were written, and then we
have before us countless millions of men influenced by
the principles of a few books which can be packed
together in one case. We talk of the tferrible power
in a small compass of dynamite. But what is dynamite
compared with this ? It is indeed a most violent
agent, rending the eternal rocks into shreds. But in
a moment its force is all spent. Not so with these
apparently innocent volumes. Their force, instead of
being momentary in effect, like the physical force of
•dynamite, has been constant, like the growth of a tree
or of a man. More than that, it results in moral and
spiritual growth, such as it is, and there lies its power,
a power that has been moulding unseen the lives of
untold millions of our fellowmen for millenniums, and
will still mould them until we give them the higher
power of the Christian religion.

"Take again the Bible. . . . When Christianity
was nominally accepted by all the nations of Europe,
Romanism commenced to look more to its temporal
interests than to the spiritual welfare of those whom
God had, in His providence, once committed to its
charge. In those days, when the teachers of religion
were more anxious to uphold Rome than Heaven, the
Pope than Christ, a man rather than God, and tradition
more than truth, the many did not know what-
Christianity was. It was in these dark days that
Wyclif translated the Scriptures, into the vulgar
tongue. Then the original views of Christianity which
were discovered in the New Testament were made
known as far as Bohemia. Huss rose, and at his back
a whole nation that defied Popes, Councils, and

The Christian Literature Society-
Emperors. Later on, catching the spirit and using
the same weapons, Luther translated the Bible into the
vulgar tongue of Germany, which set Northern Europe
in a blaze against the corruptions of the Roman Church.

" Even here in China some of the teachings of the
Bible were imperfectly understood by Hung H'siu-
chu'an, the leader of the Tai-ping Rebellion, but had
some strange vitality in them when thirteen Provinces
ranged themselves under his banner at one time.
This in China seemed to be another Mohammedan
form of Bible truth which had formerly arisen in
Western Asia. But what concerns us more in these
interesting inquiries is that a few truths of the Bible,
circulated by, a few men, created great revolutions
followed by millions of people in Europe and Asia. In
view of all, we might say that even half of the world
was at one time profoundly agitated by these few men
who committed their thoughts to these books.

" It is said by some of the greatest authorities that
when the Roman Empire fell, the new Empire which
was aspired after by such Popes as Hildebrand and
Innocent ^IIL was outlined by Augustine's book, 'The
City of God.' It is well known that whatever light
existed during the dark ages of Europe was kept
alive by the teachings of a few authors. Their works
were copied first by the monks, and then by the
Brethren of the Common Lot in Holland. Loyola's
' Spiritual Exercises ' is said to have converted in a
comparatively shbrt time after its publication as many
men as there were letters in the book. Mr. Gladstone
speaks of the immense influence of a book called ' The
Serious Call,' written by Law, Gibbon's private tutor,
as one of the greatest in comparatively modern times,
producing both the High Church and the Low Church
Evangelicalism. In this class of books we might
perhaps include the tracts of Liang A. Fa, a disciple of
Dr. Morrison in China, which were the means of
converting Hung H'siu-chu'an, and indirectly his
millions of followers. It was this widespread influence

Timothy Richard, D.D.

of books which made Christendom start Book Societies
of various kinds. . . .

"This brings us to consider what further special
methods may be adopted in China now. I emphasise
now, because China has commenced to move along the
line of progress. We think it slow while waiting year
by year. Still, we should not forget that steamers,
railways, and telegraphs are now in operation ; that
Colleges also are established, important books translated,
and that a Mission of inquiry has gone abroad, the
precursor of more, each of which will recommend many
changes in the civilisation of China. Indeed, the
thought has occurred that China may be progressing
even more than we missionaries ourselves are. It is
true that we have had immense reinforcements during
the last twenty years. All the Provinces are more or
less occupied, and the ports are being filled more and
more with missionaries. With the greater readiness of
the Chinese to receive new suggestions and the staff of
missionaries increased greatly in all the Missions, the
question arises : What have we done afresh during the
last dozen years to meet China's awakening ?

" If we speak of work in the interior of China, that
existed before. If we speak of Christian newspapers,
we had them twelve years ago as well as to-day. If
we speak of itinerating over the Empire, that had been
done by the early pioneers before I had arrived in
China. It is true we have to some extent reorganised
the Keligious Tract Society. But has it met the
expectations that we raised at its formation ? With
the increase of missionaries and the increase of
Christian natives, we should, if we followed the growth
of our converts, have increased the operation of our
Society manifold, but have not done so. There is
behind this the fact that the Tract Society in London
gives three times as much for India and Ceylon as it
does to China and Japan. It is not because the
Society cannot in China, or will not, help us more, but
because hitherto our arrangements have not been as-

The Christian Literature Society

satisfactory as those in other lands. We have not yet
realised the immense importance of literature.

"Further, as China is beginning to feel that there
are many dangers before it unless it goes in for many
reforms, works written by experienced missionaries, or
translations from some of our best living Christian
books at home, would have a fair way of paying for
themselves. That time has come in Japan. We
must get ready for it here. The Christian Churches
which sent us out will expect it of us. Who but the
best scholars of the West can present the Gospel in all
its fulness and power in books? The Christian leaders
of the past did these things for their day and their
country. Why should the Chinese Government and
mandarins go so much to other men than to mission-
aries for advice ? Is it because the Chinese do not yet
know where to get advice, or is it that our cisterns
contain too little of that refreshing water that will
quench man's natural, j ustifiable thirst ? The literature
of the Kingdom of God ought to produce a higher and
fuller view of all the great facts which make for
progress and prosperity than those of any kingdom."

Referring to Mr. Richard's new appointment, the
Baptist Missionary Society Report said: "Probably,
in all China, no niore capable man for this particular
work could be found. In the judgment of the most
prominent missionaries, such as Bishop Moule, the
Rev. William Muirhead, Dr. Faber, and Dr. Edkins,
no other man is so well suited for the Secretariat. His
noble conduct during the terrible famine of 1876-78
has given him a great name, and he has been mentioned
in thfe British Government Blue Books in terms such
as no other missionary, probably, has ever been referred
to before."

Of what the Christian Literature movement in China
owed to Dr. Murdoch's "unwearied devotion and
marvellous energy " the same Report observed : " It is
a source of the greatest satisfaction to know that this
work lies so deeply at the heart of one who, from the

fi 81

Timothy Richard, D.D.

experience of half a century, and perhaps with greater
authority than any other living man, can testify to the
value of Christian literature as a means of spreading
Christianity among the nations of the East."

The Baptist Missionary Society, appreciating the
honour done to its oldest and most distinguished
missionary in China, and fully conscious of his supreme
fitness for the position, agreed to maintain him as
heretofore, that his services might be without cost
to the Christian Literature Society. This was follow-
ing the precedent set by the United Presbyterian
Church of Scotland in the case of Dr. Williamson ;
and other Societies now support members of the
editorial staff in the same manner, as a practical
contribution to the spread of this literature " with a
purpose."

Be it said here that despite the differences of view
of years ago between Dr. Richard and the Baptist
Missionary Society — to which he has alluded very
plainly in certain of his writings — no member of its
staff to-day is more highly esteemed than he. It is
only of recent years, perhaps, that the general religious
public in this country has become acquainted, even in
a moderate degree, with a man whose name will stand
among the highest on the roll of the Baptist Missionary
Society — by ready consent of its constituency — and
second to but one or two missionaries in China. The
candid fact about Dr. Richard's position is that to fix
him to the work of an ordinary evangelistic missionary
would be to force a round peg into a square hole. But
in the labours of the last twenty years he has found
his vocation, a fact sufficiently obvious to all who have
observed his originality of mind, and marked his unique
influence. Yet the work of the evangelistic missionary
can no more be dispensed with than can "the simple
preaching of the Gospel " be abandoned in this country
because of modern developments of Christian teaching.
The original appointment was for three years, but
at the expiration of that period Mr. Richard's services

The Christian Literature Society

were again sought from the Baptist Missionary Society,
and cordially granted. Dr. Muirhead wrote from
Shanghai : " It is a great satisfaction to us to be able
to speak of the valuable services of our esteemed
Secretary, Mr. Richard. He has been a chief means
of bringing the Society into its present position, and
promoting its usefulness, both in the general manage-
ment of its affairs and by the numerous volumes that
have been published at his instance. We are free to
say that while his withdrawal would be a serious injury
to our work, the continuance of his services is indis-
pensable to the great success it is capable of attaining.''

As colleagues during the years that have passed since
1891, Dr. Richard has had, among others, the Revs. Dr.
J. Edkins, Dr. Young J. Allen (Methodist Episcopal
Church South, U.S.A.), Dr. Donald MacGillivray
(Canadian Presbyterian), W. A. Cornaby (Wesleyan
Missionary Society), W. Gilbert Walshe, M.A. (Church
Missionary Society), Paul Kranz (German Mission), and
Evan Morgan (Baptist Missionary Society).

The list of Dr. Richard's works, original or translated,
is like a miniature British Museum catalogue. One
of his largest undertakings was the translation of
Mackenzie's "History of Christian Civilisation in the
Nineteenth Century," in eight volumes. He had in
contemplation an original work upon the same scale,
when Mackenzie's came under his notice, and finding it
admirably adapted to the purpose, he made use of it.
Among his other translations are Krummacher's
" Parables " ; Clodd's " Childhood of the World " ; Kidd's
" Social Evolution " ; Pope's " Essay on Man " ; Schaff's
" Reunion of Christendom " ; and Sir Oliver Lodge's
" Catechism."

In English he has written " The History of Anti-
Foreign Riots in China," " The China Mission Hand-
Book," " Hints to Rising Statesmen," " The Calendar
of the Gods," and others. The " Guide to Buddhahood "
is a manual of Chinese Buddhism, being a concise
translation by Dr. Richard of the Chinese work

iimoiny jtucnara, u.u.

published originally in 1593. " The Awakening of
Faith in New Buddhism" deals with the influence on
Buddhism of a little book, "The Awakening of Faith,"
which rankfe fifth among the sacred books of the world.
A large number of the 26,000 Buddhist monks and
nuns in Japan look to it as the source of their religion.
Quite recently Dr. Richard, in "The New Testament of.
Higher Buddhism," has republished his translation of
" The Awakening of Faith," and added to it a trans-
lation of another work, " The Lotus Scripture." The
two volumes, "Conversion by the Million," contain
chiefly reprints of many papers and articles of perma-
nent value upon various phases of missionary and
educational work.

Dr. Richard's colleagues have been responsible for
the translation of such works as the " Confessions " of
St. Augustine ; Jeremy Taylor's " Holy Living " ;
Dr. S. D. Gordon's "Quiet Talks" on "Prayer,"
" Power," and " Service " ; original or translated " Lives "
of Christ, Luther, Livingstone, &c. ; with " Marquis Ito
and Korea," and many others " too numerous to
mention."

Those here given may be regarded as samples, and
will convey an idea of the variety and interest of the
books circulated. Periodical publications are also
issued. The testimony of the Rev. Arthur H. Smith,
D.D., author of " Chinese Characteristics," is as true to
fact as it is felicitous in expression : " The publications
of the Christian Literature Society for China have
penetrated China as aqueous vapour pervades the
atmosphere, making, indeed, no external display, but
preparing the way for future precipitation."

The necessity existing for the supply of Christian
literature is abundantly proved by events which
occurred in the very year that Mr. Richard assumed
his secretarial duties. He thus describes the critical
happenings of those months : "The year 1891 will be
long remembered in China as the year of the riots.
Organised efforts were made throughout the Empire,

The Christian Literature Society

but especially at the seaports and the great inland
river ports on the Yangtze, to rouse the indignation of
the populace against Missions, both Protestant and
Koman Catholic, and also against all foreigners,
missionary or non-missionary, without distinction,
inciting them to loot and burn, beat and kill all
foreigners, if they did not clear out of the land. . . . The
immediate cause "was the wide and systematic dis-
tribution, during the last two years, of the vilest anti-
Christian and anti-foreign literature which history
knows of, accusing Christians and foreigners generally
«f horrible crimes, such as bewitching and kidnapping
men, women, and children, of gouging out their eyes,
tearing out their hearts, ripping up women and after-
wards mutilating them ; while wicked pills are given
people which completely dement them and impel
them to lose all sense of shame, etc. The different
parts of the body are used for making silver artificially,
and for making chemical and bewitching pills. For the
practice of these diabolical arts, foreigners and Chris-
tians are declared to be unfit to live under the same
sky as the Chinese — a Chinese way of expressing that
they are worthy of death.

" The most serious part of this anti-foreign literature
is that it is prepared and circulated by many of the
leading mandarins in the Empire, although contrary to
all laws, national as well as international, Chinese as
well as foreign.

"The cause of this extraordinary action is given in
these anti-foreign books themselves. It is in the
growing knowledge the Chinese have that, since inter-
course between China and the West has been
established, foreign nations have greatly profited by
trade with China, while China in comparison gained
but little and suffered much, and now more and more
each year. Therefore, seeing her wealth going abroad,
primitive industries failing, her people steeped deeper
and deeper in the opium vice, while her teeming
millions struggle in vain for the bare necessaries of

Timothy Richard, D.D,

life, many of the leaders are roused with indignation
and desperation, and do all they can to rouse up what
they consider the righteous indignation of the people
against foreigners of all classes as the cause of their
ruin. It somewhat resembles the riots of the mechanics
of earlier days against machinery in England. Mission-
aries are especially hated because of their power with
the masses, and because it is supposed that to become
Christians is to begin to become under the control and
arts of foreign nations."

Mr. Richard, viewing this regrettable condition, saw
in it the bringing of much ordinary work to a standstill,
and the engendering of estranged feelings which it
would take a generation to remove. He was convinced
of the importance of missionaries formerly engaged in
direct missionary work devoting themselves to the
removal of those difficulties, and for himself he
welcomed a position which would enable him to con-
secrate his whole time to meeting the special needs of
the day.

' The Empress-Dowager of China celebrated the com-
pletion of her sixtieth year in 1893. It was not the
customary year for examinations for advanced degrees,
but in honour of the event grace-examinations were
held, thus affording officials an additional opportunity
of promotion. The Christian Literature Society made
this circumstance the occasion of a special appeal,
which enabled them to send 6000 of their publications
to each of the ten maritime Provinces, for gratuitous
circulation among the candidates. The number was
greatly in excess of any previous effort.

The generosity of Pastor Kranz enabled the Society
to issue a new edition of 2000 copies of Dr. Faber's
" Civilisation," a work in five Chinese volumes, dealing
with all the chief factors in the civilisation of the West.
A set was presented to every one of the principal
mandarins throughout China.

One of the desires uppermost in Mr. Richard's mind
was the establishment of branch depots in the Provinces.

The Christian Literature Society

Such depots were started in Peking, Moukden, Tientsin,
Nanking, and Chefoo, with a small stock in each as a
foundation of trade. '

For the first time in the history of the Christian
Literature Society subscriptions were now received
from Chinese, a fact naturally affording much encourage-
ment. Chang Chih-tung, Viceroy of Hunan and Hupeh, ^'
standing next in importance to Li Hung Chang, sent a
thousand taels (about £150). Formerly this man had
been bitterly anti-foreign. He was sufficiently enlight-
ened to see the necessity of railways and mining, and
to strongly urge them upon the Government when
advice was sought of the Viceroys. When bidden to
give effect to his views he established steel works, a
gun foundry, and assaying schools and other enter-
prises of a forward nature. At the same time he
nursed resentment at the presence of foreigners, even
though their assistance was essential to the develop-
ment of his schemes. He fanned the flames of hatred
of the white intruders among the mandarins, instead of
subduing them. His change of attitude in this
respect was due to reading the publications of the
Christian Literature Society.

Chang Chih-tung has been described as " China's
greatest statesman." It was written of him : " He is a
man of profound scholarship, wide information, great
mental energy, and restless activity. As a public
ofiScer he is distinguished for his loyalty, his purity,
and his unselfish devotion to * the good of the people
under his jurisdiction, and to the well-being of the
Empire. In one respect he is looked upon as a
phenomenon among the officials of his day. The love
of money does not seem to be in him." Unhappily,
the present tense is no longer possible, for Chang
Chih-tung has passed away.

This able ruler, after his complete emancipation from
dread of the foreigner and his ways, exerted a marked
influence by a book entitled " China's Only Hope,"
urging his countrymen to welcome Western science

Timothy Richard, D.D.

and culture. The indebtedness of the nation to the
Christian Literature Society is acknowledged in these
candid terms : " In 1895 certain liberal-minded men in
Shanghai set up printing-presses and issued much
reliable information. Although the papers were not
all that could be desired, they opened the eyes of the
Chinese, waked them up from their stupor, and tore
away the key of knowledge from the grasp of the
blind. Then the bigoted scholars and the greenhorns
alike discovered that there are other countries besides
China, and that unpractical bookworm, the befogged
and besmoked literatus, found out for the first time
that there is a present as well as a past."

Two other natives of influence — the Taotai Nieh
of Shanghai and Ching Kwan Ying, one of the Directors
of the China Merchants Company — sent 100 and
40 dollars respectively. The following yea,t the last-
named gentleman sent 200 dollars from, his Company.
He also offered personally to bear the expense of a
large-sized edition of the Society's latest book, costing
about a thousand dollars.

The three native dailies in Shanghai published in
eoetenso the Annual Report of the Society, sure proof
of the public interest taken in the work.

What were valued more than the subscriptions
referred to were letters from the interior, even as far
as the Province of Szechuen, containing emphatic
testimony that the publications of the Society had
been the means of removing prejudice and suspicion,
and of increasing the .spirit of friendliness between the
mandarins and the missionaries.

Li Hung Chang offered a prize for the best essay
upon "How to Reform Chinese Religions."

The kind and generous offices of the British and
American Ministers were secured for the purpose of
transmitting for presentation to the Empress-Dowager,
in November, 1894, a New Testament, enclosed in a
silver casket, the offering of Chinese female converts
in connection with the Protestant Missions throughout

CHING KWAN YING
(DirectoV o£ the China Merchants Company)

Timothv Richard, D.D.

the country, as a token of loyalty on the occasion of
Her Majesty's sixtieth birthday. Accompanying this
was a congratulatory address from the subscribers.
The front cover of the Testament contained the words
in Chinese " Complete New Testament." It may be
noted, as of interest, that the character employed for
Testament is the same as for "Treaty." A gold plate
was affixed to the centre of the cover, with four
characters graven on it meaning "The sacred classic
for the salvation of the world."

The articles were conveyed "to their high destina-
tion," and on the submission of a list of names of lady
rnissionaries who had offered their congratulations on
the occasion referred to, the Empress-Dowager conferred
a roll of Nanking silk, a large roll of satin, a box of
needlework, and two cases of handkerchiefs each upon
Mrs. Kichard and Mrs. Fitch, who had taken a leading
part in the movement, and a case of handkerchiefs
and a roll of Huchovv crape each upon twenty other
ladies who had assisted them.

CHAPTER VI
The Reform Crisis and the Boxer Rising:

THE grave scenes of disbrder in 1891, which
involved so much peril to Missions, postponed
and varied those representations to the Govern-
ment which had been contemplated by the Missionary
Conference of 1890, a twelve days' Conference of nearly
450 missionaries from all over China. The Committee
appointed to state the case for the Societies had not
concluded its memorial when the anti-Christian riots
began, and gave the authorities ample room for
repressive measures, which, however, were not of
sufEcient vigour to restore order. A further outbreak
in Szechuen, and the massacre of Kuching in 1895,
created anxious concern in the Western world, and
among the missionaries on the field, and the need was
realised of a short statement for immediate presentation
at Peking.

Effect was given to this consideration by the drafting
of a memorial, to which were appended the signatures
of tvFenty missionaries, chiefly senior Bishops or Super-
intendents of their respective bodies. It was resolved
by the Committee to make the briefer document the
actual memorial, accompanying it by the more extended
statement as a supplementary volume.

The Committee, in their memorial, asked that the
Government would seek to appreciate the work of
Missions by actual knowledge, gained in conference ;
and further, that a genuine suppression should take
place of all Chinese literature slandering Missions ; that
mandarins should have unrestricted liberty, with the

Timothy Richard, D.D.

ordinary classes, to become Christians if they wished ;
and that the local mandarins and gentry should be
instructed not to regard missionaries any more with
suspicion, as designing to injure China, but to treat
them as friends, having no motives but the welfare of
the country.

It was affirmed by one of the foreign Ministers in
Peking that these requests contained nothing new, but
only sought the carrying out of Treaty rights, and
the Committee received the guarantee of his support.

Mr. Richard and the Rev. John Wherry, D.D., of
Peking, were appointed to place the memorial in the
proper quarter. They secured introductions to the
Foreign Office — Tsungli Yamen — from the British and
American Ministers, and sought the moral value of the
German Minister's influence, but were unsuccessful
with him. In the Yamen there was a sharp division
of feeling, but the majority viewed the memorial with
a friendly eye, and were for assenting to its proposals.
Consequently the Yamen received command from the
Throne to enter, immediately into relations with the
missionaries ; and the latter were informed that they
could interview the Yamen at any time they wished,
the officials desiring to establish a mutual under-
standing.

The British and American Legations were, advised
from the Yamen that an Edict was forthcoming, giving
favourable response to the memorial. Hopes were
dashed to the ground, however, by the sudden appear-
ance .of an Edict degrading Wang Ming-lilan, one of
the most vigorous of the pro-missionary section of the
Yamen, an act which crippled the friends of reform.

Another untoward circumstance was the attitude
adopted by the French Minister, who — so stated one
of the most responsible Chinese Ministers — had
demurred to the recognition of the missionaries and
any arrangement of terms with them, as thereby the
question was raised of the right of missionaries to go
to the Government direct, a right which the Pope had

The Reform Crisis and the Boxer Rising

withdrawn from Roman Catholics some years earlier,
at the instance of the French Government. To allow
missionaries direct access would mean the loss of
French power in China — a thing which the Pope was
understood now to desire. This was a set-back to
the Committee's efforts, but negotiations continued,
and by desire of the Yamen additional papers were
submitted for their consideration. One of the Secre-
taries of the Privy Council rendered very valuable
voluntary assistance in drawing up various documents.

The unfortunate intervention of the French Minister,
however, was in harmony with the political activity
he had displayed for some time where Missions were
concerned. He had ofScially arranged Roman Catholic
affairs in Szechuen and other parts after the riots ;
but his chief dealings were with reference to the
future. By the Berth^my Convention, Roman Catholics
could obtain property without first securing the per-
mission of the mandarins. This was a very obvious
advantage, as securing freedom from the obstruction of
prejudiced local officials, but being restricted to Roman
Catholics, it gave undue favour to a section of foreign
workers.

Mr. Richard and Dr. H. H. Lowry, who had taken
the place of Dr. Wherry as spokesman for the American
Missions, represented to the Legations how matters
stood, asking them, in addition to bringing their
influence to bear on the Yamen regarding the three
points of the memorial, to seek a further provision
that all privileges accorded to Roman Catholics should
at the same time be extended to Protestants. The '
Legations met the missionaries in a very cotdial and
considerate manner, and seconded their efforts in
a very helpful way.

His Excellency WSng Tung-ho,who was practically the
Prime Minister of China, waited upon the two mission-
aries as they were about to leave Peking, at the close
of over three months of this constant communication.
He had a lengthy conversation with them, ranging

Timothy Richard, D.D.

•over the whole matters of religious liberty and national
reform. He expressed it as having been his original
intention to accede to the requests preferred, and
regretted that he had been frustrated by those around
and above him. Nevertheless, he promised that the
libellous literature should be suppressed, and the local
authorities receive intimations that they were to main-
tain a more friendly attitude. Mandarins, he said, had
never been refused permission to become Christians.

Reform was in the air, and Reformers welcomed the
missionaries to Peking, and turned to them for much
advice and assistance. The " Young China " of the
capital started a newspaper of its own, a thing hitherto
unheard of, for all the earlier native papers were
published in foreign concessions. The editor was
a religious Reformer, strongly sympathising with
Christian work, and often came to Mr. Richard to
talk over his plans.

A Reform Club — the members being mostly man-
darins — was also established, with a book shop. For
this one hundred copies of Mr. Richard's translation of
i Mackenzie's " History of Christian Civilisation in the
Nineteenth Century" were ordered, with many copies
of about a dozen other publications of the Christian
Literature Society. At the formal opening of the
Club these were the only books on hand.

A member of the Hanlin Academy — the highest
literary College in China — invited Mr. Richard and
his companion. Dr. Lovvry, several times to dinner —
quite an innovation — and discussed freely the highest
interests of China. On the two missionaries' last day
in Peking several of these literati called in a photo-
grapher, to preserve a record of their meeting, a
striking proof of friendliness and a notable concession
to Western habits. One of the group was the son of
the magistrate Sii, in Ching-chow-fu, where Mr. Richard
and the Rev. A. G. Jones laboured twenty years
before. He had never lost his friendship for them,
though he did not see them during all those years.

f 2

g W

5 >

Timothy Richard, D.D.

The great incentive to Reform was the deplorable
impotence of China, discovered to its intelligent spirits
by the Japanese War. If asked why China suffered
discomfiture at the hands of its neighbour, Mr. Richard
would say : " Because they lacked the light which the
Japanese had. The war was like a fight between a
blind giant and a little sharp boy with eyes. That
alone is sufficient to account for the Chinese defeat."

Mr. Richard felt it his duty to delay his departure
on furlough that he might render advice during the
critical period. Weng Tung-ho requested him to draw
up what he considered a proper Reform scheme for
China. This he did, and it was printed and circulated
among the high officials. Mr. Richard, frequently saw
Li Hung Chang at this time.

A memorial was presented to the Emperor signed
by 10,000 students, urging the need of Reform, and
desiring that it ■ should take place upon the lines
suggested by the Christian Literature Society. This
had the approval of the leading mandarins. The
Emperor wrote with his own hand a list of books
which he desired to purchase at the Society's depot
at Peking, including the Bible and seventy-eight other
publications. From these he read daily with his tutor,
Sun Kia Nai, a man between sixty and seventy years
of age.

Prospects appeared bright when Mr. Richard at
last left China for England. While absent he heard
encouraging accounts of progress. His former colleague,
the Rev. A. Gr. Jones, sent news of a proclamation issued
in Shantung to the effect that instructions had been
received from Peking intimating that hitherto the
mandarins had been in the habit ^ of avoiding the
missionaries, and therefore Mission troubles arose very
easily. As, however, most of those troubles were the
consequence of misunderstandings, the mandarins were
now enjoined to see the missionaries and hear what
they had to say, that so causes of misconception might
be removed.

The Reform Crisis and the Boxer Rising

Sun Kia Nai, who was appointed to the leadership
of the Reform movement in Peking, wrote to Mi-.
Richard three times after his departure, saying that
the Reform work was altogether beyond his knowledge,
and asking the missionary if he would not soon return
to help him.

The most significant feature of the situation, how-
ever, was the extraordinary change which came over
the Province of Hunan, once notorious for giving the
lead to the anti-foreign and anti-Christian agitation,
which culminated in the ffearful massacre in the
Province of Fuh-kien. One of tlie gentry in Hunan,
while visiting Shanghai, came across a magazine of the
Christian Literature Society, He so appreciated its
contents that he ordered 200 copies to be sent
to him regularly, for distribution among the chief
men of the Province. These soon afterwards ordered
the rest of the Society's books, and all other foreign
books, Christian and scientific, which they could get.
After two years' study of these, their opinions were
revolutionised, and they seiit to the Christian Liter-
ature Society, asking that its chief Chinese editor
should go up to Hunan, and become, a Professor in the
principal College of the Province.

A kind of offspring of the Christian Literature
Society was formed by a party of Reformers, who pub-
lished a magazine every ten days, and sought guidance
from time to time from Shanghai.

A brief visit was paid to the United States by
Mr. Richard on his way back to China towards the
close of 1897. He met with an encouraging response
to his appeal for the Christian Literature Society. On
reaching Shanghai and taking stock of the position, he
reported the air as full of new projects in every
direction. Cotton mills and silk filatures, equipped
with the most perfect machinery, had sprung up like
mushrooms. The railway between Tientsin and
Peking was completed, and able engineers from
Europe and America were hard at work surveying

7 97

Timothy JElichard, D.D.

and building other more extensive lines. Difficult
negotiations about immense loans of money from
foreign countries had been settled, giving a certain
guarantee that China would never again be allowed to
return to her old state of seclusion and stagnation.
Colleges for Western learning had been founded by
Viceroys and leading officials with public money. A
desire for English and Natural Science was spreading
among the better classes. The Examination Halls at
Changsha, the capital of Hunan, were during the
recent examinations lighted by electricity. One of
the subjects for essay writing in the examination at
Nan-chang-fu (Kiangsi) was " The Difference of the
Flood mentioned in the Classics from the Flood
believed in by Western People." The Old Testament
was recommended as a book of reference.

By friendly co-operation between the Christian
Literature Society and the American, British and
Foreign, and Scottish Bible Societies, and the Hankow
Tract Society, 19,000 packages of literature were
distributed at the triennial examinations at Nanking ;
yet they were insufficient to meet the demand, for
there were about 24,000 students present The officials
of the city were very courteous, giving every facility
and protection. The distributors were urged to rest in
the temporary headquarters of the General in command
of the approaches, and all officers and soldiers guarding
the exits were instructed to pay special attention to
the missionaries and their assistants.

When the appalling floods occurred in Shantung in
November, 1898, Mr. Richard, by reason of his special
duties, was prevented from taking that active part in
relief measures he had borne on the occasion of earlier
disasters, but from Shanghai he did what he could by
appeal and counsel. The great Yellow River left its
bed near Chi-nan-fu and flooded 2000 square miles of
country. Hundreds of villages were destroyed, and
cattle and grain swept away. A million people suffered
in the calamity, tens of thousands having to camp out

The Reform Crisis and the Boxer Rising

in the open air. The Shantung Missionary Conference
appointed a Relief Committee, and once more Enghsh
sympathy and English gold went to the aid of the
Chinese.

Politically the skies seemed fair, when suddenly
a black and ugly cloud gathered and broke in fury
over the land. The young Emperor, Kwang Su,
though eventually outmatched by that hard, cruel,
and masculine woman, the Empress-Dowager, had his
face toward the light of China's coming day, and was
bent upon hastening its approach. The period 1895
to 1898 saw "the mightiest wave of enthusiasm for
Reform which had been felt lor more than a thousand
years in China." Says Mr. Richard : " Marvellous
Edicts of Reform were issued in rapid succession. For
three years the whole Empire was ablaze with reforms
of all kinds, intellectual, material, spiritual. The
mandarins and students everywhere became most
friendly with all the missionaries."

Mr. Richard was summoned to Peking, that he
might act as one of the Emperor's direct advisers in
the new and striking enterprises. He saw many of the
Reform leaders, but on the very day appointed for his
first interview with the Emperor in his new capacity,
the , Empress-Dowager accomplished her craftily laid
schemes, brought off her daring coup, and seized the
reins of government.

Six Reformers were beheaded without trial, some
were imprisoned, others banished for life, and yet others
degraded. All the newspapers were suppressed ; the
formation of new Societies was prohibited ; the anti-
foreign and reactionary officials were promoted, and so
the party of igaorance and prejudice, and of hostility
to Western influence, was entrenched throughout the
Empire.

Yet the conviction was strong in those who saw
beneath the surface that this, disastrous though it
might be, was only a temporary check. Said Mr.
Richard : " The leaders of Reform . . . are still living,

Timothy Richard, D.D.

though dead. The Reform has taken so deep a hold
on the land that all the powers on earth cannot hinder
it going forward. God and truth, and justice and
mercy, and' time and eternity are all on its side. We
must not faint because brave men are sacrificed. The
Way of the Cross, over which the martyrs trod, is
familiar to us. It ends in a crown, in victory, and
life everlasting." And again : " The day cannot be far
distant, when we shall see a fresh band of devoted
Reformers rising up in China, as it were from the graves
of the martyred heroes, and going forth like the angels
of God to carry the everlasting Gospel to the utmost
corners of the vast Chinese Empire. Would that this
crisis in China might usher in a new era of ' opfen doors,'
'equal opportunity,' peace and goodwill for undivided
China."

Mr. Richard was a tower of strength to the enfeebled
party. Mrs. Archibald Little, in an article in Corn-
hill upon the Chinese Emperor, remarked : " Kang-
Yii Wei [one of the two Reform leaders who escaped],
before flying by the Emperor's advice, went for counsel
to the Baptist missionary, Timothy Richard, the one
man who has done more probably than any other man
to reform China and prepare her people to be brought
under Christian influetices."

But greater troubles were in store beforfe the brighter
day could dawn. Thbse who knew the hatred of the
foreigners engendered in the heart of China by the
unscrupulous Palace party, and the revival of the lying
statements of past years in the Provinces, though they
did not doubt the ultimate triumph of Reform, yet
trembled for the present safety of the missionaries.

The Ecumenical Missionary Conference met in New
York in 1900. Mr. Richard, who attended, wrote to
the Executive Committee, pointing out that all
missionaries in China were in imminent peril, and
urging them to make strong representations to the
United States Government, that they should take
steps immediately to prevent the danger from becoming

100

The Reform Crisis and the Boxer Rising

actual. The Committee, evidently not realising the
danger to which their brethren were exposed, and
regarding any action as likely to be construed as
intrusion into the internal affairs of China, declined.

The Twentieth Century Club in Boston invited Mr.
Richard to speak to them upon the subject, and were
moved to suggest that he should go at once to
Washington and lay the facts before the Government.
Armed with letters of introduction from Mr. Edwin
Mead, President of the Club, Mr. Richard went.
Together with the Rev. William Ashmore, D.D., he
drafted a letter setting forth the seriousness of the
situation, and requesting action by the United States
authorities.

An interview was secured with Mr. Secretary Hay,
who was kind and considerate, but explained that the
President could not act unless he had the support of
two-thirds of the Senate in the matter. The President
of the Senate indicated that that body could do nothing
without the support of the principal cities of the States.
These answers, though expressed in a sympathetic
spirit, did not hold out much hope. However, Mr.
Richard resolved to ascertain what could be done to
arouse feeling sufficiently in the country to give a lead,
or a backing, or both, to the Government. He saw
Mr. Morris K. Jessup, Chairman of the New York
Chamber of Commerce, but received from him the
opinion that the Government would not take measures
unless a tragedy occurred ! The massacres began
within a fortnight of that date.

The Boxer Rising is still too recent and too familiar
to need much description here. It was such an
avalanche of fanatical hate as happily only descends
upon the heralds of the Cross at considerable intervals.
It has proved a testimony to the entire world of that
faithfulness unto death which wins the crown of life ;
it has provoked the astonished admiration of even the
cynical and unbelieving ; and it has proved once again
the truth contained in well-worn but telling language

101

Timothy Richard, D.D.

that "the blood of the martyrs is the seed of the
Church."

" The days of persecution," wrote Dr. Richard immedi-
ately after the event, " which marked the establish-
ment of tbe Christian Church by our Lord and His
Apostles in Judaea, by the Earl} Fathers, in the Roman
Empire, and by the Reformers in Northern Europe,
are not over yet. Madagascar had to get its baptism
of blood in the last century, and we in China now are
passing through the same trial of our faith. Nearly
200 missionaries, including adults and children, and
about ninety other foreigners, including marines and
civilians who defended the Legations and the cathedral
in the two sieges of Peking, many thousands of native
Cbristians, and many thousands of other persons, whose
only crime was that they bad foreign-manufactured
articles on them, such as a watch, flannel, or even a button
or a cigar, were put to death without the slightest mercy."

Yet every calm observer learned to distinguish
between the base and brutal elements responsible for
this slaughter and the nobler spirit of the enlightened
portion of the Empire. "We must not forget," urged
Dr. Richard, "that it is not the best or even the
average side of Chinese- character which has been
exhibited during the past year, but the very worst side,
and that the best people of China to-day mourn over
what has been done with unspeakable shame and
horror. We must ijot forget either that the best
side of Chinese character nearly triumphed two years
ago. There still remain in China the noblest qualities
longing to be set at liberty to work for the regeneration
of the land and for the good of all the world. It now
needs only firmness on the part of the allies and
Count Von Waldersee to secure liberty for the
Reformers. The best of these Reformers have pledged
themselves, and have already secured the sanction of
the Emperor, to obtain the best foreign advisers that
can be found. With that, all the machinery for the
progress of China in all departments will at once be

102

The Reform Crisis and the Boxer Rising

set in motion, and it will not be long ere the world will
ring once more with the glory of ChiDa, instead of the
shame that has been tolled forth in all lands this year."

THE PLACE OF MARTYRDOM, t'aI-YDAN-FCT
(Where most of the missionaries were killed)

The opportunity of the Reformers came, and out of
the bloodshed and the agony of the Boxer period issued
the era of security and advance. As the spread of
Western and Christian teaching had created the

103

Timothy Richard, D.D.

desire for change, so it fostered and directed the
aspirations of " Young China." The " leading organ "
of the British Press, in an article upon " Missionary
Work and Reform in China," on 15th November, 1901,
said : " Among the present forces for good in China
none has more influence than the Society for the
Diffusion of Christian and General Knowledge, in
Shanghai, known at home as the C.L.S., or Christian
Literature Society for China. Three Governors of
Provinces, each ruling over some twenty million to
thirty million people, have lately appealed for advice
to the Hon. Secretary of the Society, the Rev. Tiniothy
Richard, whose personal influence with the literati is
largely due to his broad and generous sympathy with
the best aspects of Chinese thought."

Thus Yuen Shih-kai, the young and humane
Governor of Shantung, who saved the lives of all
the foreigners in that Province during the fateful
period of the rising, issued what has been termed the
Magna Cbarta of Shantung, inviting the return of the
missionaries, assuring them of his protection and
assistance. , As showing his sense of the value of the
Christian Literature Society and its principles, he
wrote to Dr. Richard for a 'list of the best books in
Chinese on modern learning, explaining as the reason
for his request that he did not intend to promote any
of his 500 expectant mandarins until they had passed
an examination in Western science and learning.

The Court stayed for a year at Si-ngan-fu, and
knowing the Emperor's favour towards Reform, and
assisted by the issue of a trenchant pamphlet, entitled
"Learn," by the Viceroy Chang Chih-tung, Dr. Richard
telegraphed to the officials at Si-ngan-fu every few
weeks, urging the importance of material changes in
the educaitional code. This persistence won the day,
and on 29th August, 1901, two Reform Edicts were
issued. The first abolished the long essays on the
Chinese classics which h8,d been compulsory at the
Government examinations, and substituted short papers

104

The Reform Crisis and the Boxer Rising

on modern subjects and Western learning, laws, consti-
tutions, and political economy. The second obliged
military candidates to show proficiency in knowledge
of the conditions of modern warfare. Literary academies
based upon modern principle.? were to be set up in
every Province.

The demand for books such as Gardner's " Political
Economy," Seeley's " Expansion of England," and a
treatise on International Law, led to increased activity
in the translation and publication departments of the
Christian Literature Society. A special appeal by Dr.
Richard at this juncture brought an encouraging
response. From Mr. Budgett, of Guildford, came £500,
while the Chinese were not behind in generosity.
Three Chinese friends of Dr. Richard gave £4000,
promised in 1900, before the Boxer troubles began, to
build a High School for Chinese boys in the foreign
settlement at Shanghai, the school to be under the
care of missionaries. A Mr. Loo offered to present a
unique collection of rare Chinese books, to form the
nucleus of a Public Chinese Library in Shanghai. At
the same time he promised 5000 taels to build new
Translation Offices. Chang Chih-tung forwarded 3000
taels to the Christian Literature Society. Sir Thomas
Hanbury contributed £500 for a museum.

Academic distinctions had by this time been
bestowed upon Mr. Richard from two quarters. In
1900, Emory College, Oxford, Georgia, U.S.A., conferred
its honorary degree of Doctor of Divinity. The following
year Brown University, one of the leading Universities
in the States, honoured Dr. Richard, and itself, by
placing him upon its graduate roll as Litt.D.

105

CHAPTER VII
The Shansi University

IT is the settlement of the very critical condition of
affairs in Shansi, after the Boxer Rising, and the
piotective action of the troops of the Allied
Powers, which constitutes the cliief item to the credit
of Dr. Richard's statesmanship, and from which pro-
ceeded his most significant achievement,, the founda-
tion of the Shansi University. ,

The new Governor of Shansi, Ts'en Ch'un Hsiian,
was constrained to send for Dr. Richard in May,
1901, in very urgent and momentous circumstances.
Gravely concerned lest the Allies should follow the
Court, the Chinese guarded the passes between the
Provinces of Chihli and Shansi with the utmost
vigilance. Li Hung Chang, on behalf of the Chinese
Government, agreed with the Allies that the latter
should not go west of the passes, and that the Chinese
should not go east of the same natural line of demarca-
tion. The French and German troops, stationed at the
strategic points on the east, watched the passes, but
the Chinese failed to keep their part of the compact.
Indeed, the Chinese General commanding the troops at
the Ku Kwan Pass disobeyed even his own superiors,
and so far from retiring, made a systematic attempt
to increase the security of his position on forbidden
ground.

Accordingly, Count Von Waldersee sent orders from
Peking to General Von Kettler at Pao-ting-fu to move
to the Shansi border. The passes were taken on 25th
April, and the Chinese, who only made a stand at one

106

The Shansi University

pass out of the five involved, retreated in disorder,
inflicting wholesale robbery on their unfortunate
fellow-countrymen by the way.

At T'ai-yUan-fu the authorities were thrown into a
state of fear, and 500 actual and prospective officials
betook themselves in haste, with their families, to more
remote regions. Unaware that the foreign detach-
ments had begun their return to Pao-ting-fu, the
Governor consulted Taotai Sh^a Tun Ho, Head of the
Foreign Bureau in the Provincial capital, as to the
surest measures for staying the march of the Allies to
T'ai-yuan-fu. The advice emphatically given, and
immediately acted upon, was that the Protestant
missionaries should be sent for at once, to arrange
matters in which the Missions were involved. Mean-
while, the Taota,i undertook to meet the foreign troops
and seek to persuade them to withdraw.

As a result of this decision the following message
was wii-ed to the Shanghai Taotai : " In Shansi there
are n'o Protestant missionaries at present, and therefore
we have no means of settling the missionary troubles.
We have decided to ask Rev. Timothy Richard, who
was long a missionary here, to come to Shansi. Please
translate our telegram, and send him, and greatly
oblige. — Shansi Governor, Ts'en Ch'un Hsiian."

The telegram to Dr. Richard ran : — " Dear Sir, — Last
year the Boxers arose everywhere in Shansi, and the
Christians suffered widely at their hands. This was
the fault of the local officials and their umlerlings, and
the Chinese Government is extremely grieved about
it. I have been ordered to be the Governor, and in
obedience to instructions, am to settle all the mis-
sionary troubles. Being quite ignorant of these affairs,
and fearing that I shall not be able to settle matters
properly, but perhaps increase them, I memorialised
the Throne to appoint Lao Nai Shuen, of Board of
Rites, the Taotais Sh6n Tun Ho, Wei Han, and
Prefect Lu Tsung Siang, to come to Shansi to manage
these missionary affairs. Sh6n Tun Ho has already

107

Timothy Richard, D.D.

arrived. As there is not a single Protestant missionary
in Shansi, we have no means of consulting them
as to what to do, and therefore we are in extreme
difficulty.

" We have heard that you are eminent for being fair
in all your dealings with China, and having been in
Shansi before, all the people believe in you as altogether
upright. Both officials and people are unanimous in
this report. Last winter you made inquiries about
the Christians, and thus we know that you are still
interested iu this Province, for which we are very glad.
Moreover, when these troubles are settled, then trade
will revive again. Therefore, according to Western
custom, I beg that you should come as a Commissioner
to settle the missionary and commercial troubles of
Shansi. We have long known of your great kindness
of heart, and therefore I beg of you not to decline ;
then, indeed, it will be a happy day for us. Whenever
you leave, please wire, and we will send civil and
military officials to meet you. But if you cannot
possibly come, please recommend some other good man
to come to Shansi to help us. Still, I greatly hope
you will be able to come. I have also asked Shen
Taotai to write a letter to invite you. — With great
respect, I am, yours very truly,

"Ts'EN Ch'un HsiJAN."

That no time was lost by the sorely harassed
Governor is evidenced by the fact that Dr. Richard
received the message within four days of the taking
of the passes. As a means of bringing further pressure
to bear, if any" were needed, the Governor also tele-
graphed to Li Hung Chang and Prince Ch'ing at
Peking, requesting their influence with the British
Minister, to secure his wiring to Dr. Richard, asking
him to go to Shansi immediately.

Never unwilling to render service to causes so near
his heart, Dr. Richard was found in Peking on 14th
May, and proceeded to interview the Chinese and

108

TS EN CH'UN HSUAN
(Friendly Govtrnor of Shausi during the Bettletnent of the Boxer troubles)

Timothy Richard, D.D.

certain of the foreign Ministers. He consulted also
the principal Protestant and Roman Catholic mission-
aries, that he might ascertain what was taking place
in connection with the settlement of affairs in Chihli,
the neighbouring Province to Shansi.

Three representative missionaries — Dr. Eichard, Dr.
Atwood (of the American Board), and Dr. E. H. Edwards
(of the late Shou Yang Mission, now of the Baptist
Missionary Society), interviewed Li Hung Chang on
29th May. They submitted to him a plan for the
settlement of the Mission troubles in Shansi, of which
the following is a translation : —

" 1. In every district there are many who should,
according to law, be executed for having killed and
injured the Christians ; but as they were encouraged
to do so by the officials and deceived by the Boxers,
we would not wish that all should be so punished, but
only the leader in each district, as a warning to others ;
and even in his case we would suggest he be leniently
dealt with, if the Governor approves and recommends.

" 2. But since the gentry and people joined together
to injure the Christians, though they escape the extreme
penalty of the law, they cannot say they are without ,
fault, and those who pillaged the Christians should be
fined for the support of those made orphans and widows
last year.

" 3. The whole Province should be fined the sum of
Tls. 500,000 [about £66,000], to be paid in ten yearly
instalments. But this money should not be for the
foreigners, or for the Christians, but for the opening
of schools throughout the Province, where the sons of
the officials and gentry could obtain useful knowledge,
and so would not be deceived again (as last year).
These schools should be under the charge of one
Chinese and one foreigner.

" 4. In every place where Christians were murdered
a monument should be erected, stating clearly how the
Boxers originated, and that the Christians were killed
without cause.

110

The Shausi University

" 5. In some cases the missionaries of the five
Protestant Societies (iu Shansi) have either all been
killed or returned to their own country, so that these
Societies cannot all send missionaries back at once;
but when they do return they should be suitably
received by the officials, gentry, and people, who should
also apologise (for the deeds of last year).

" 6. If the difficulty of the Church is to be settled
permanently, the Chinese officials should be instructed
to treat both Christians and non-Christians alike. If
Christians disobey the law, they should be treated
according to law ; but if (on the other hand) they are
worthy, they should be promoted to office. Wherever
this plan has been adopted, from ancient times to the
present, it has not failed to pacify the country. If this
plan is not adopted, we fear there will be continued
trouble.

" 7. When the present troubles are settled, a list of
both leaders and followers of the Boxers should be
kept in the Yamens ; and if they again trouble the
Christians, they should be severely punished and not
forgiven."

Dr. Edwards, in his " Fire and Sword in Shansi,"
appends the following note to this document : — " With
regard to clause three, when it is remembered how
much is annually spent on theatricals, &c., the sum
mentioned will be seen to be very small indeed. For
each year the sum would only be £7000, and this
distributed over the whole Province. In the district
of Hsin Chou alone (comprising 360 villages) more
than this is annually spent on theatricals, and, what
with the entertaining of friends and otlier incidentals,
the sum is about doubled. In rich districts, such as
T'ai-ku and Ping-yao, far more than the £7000 is
annually spent on such entertainments. ... In the
foregoing propositions nothing was said as to indemnity
for the destroyed Mission buildings, or personal prop-
erty of missionaries, as these matters were in the hands
of the Ministers representing the different Powers."

Ill

Timothy Richard, D.D.

The interview with Li Hung Chang is thus described
by Dr Edwards: "Li Hung Chang received us in
foreign fashion by shaking hands ; and the room in
whicii we found him was furnished partly in European
and partly in Chinese style. Physically he was very
weak, and had two servants to support him while
standing ; but his mind was clear and active. Dr.
Richard had often met him before. He ^sked Dr.
Atwood and myself how long we had been in China,
and in what Province. By leading questions he then
gave me the opportupity of telling him liow the
Shansi people had been noted for their quietness up
till last year, and how the Boxer outbreak began soon
after the arrival of Yii Hsien as Governor. He was
quite auKious, too, to hear all I could tell him of the
burning of our hospital and the massacre of the'
missionaries at T'ai-yiian-fu. ' And were they killed
in front of the Yamen ? ' he asked. ' Such is the
statement of men who say tney were eye-witnesses,' I
replied. 'And was Yii Hsien himself present?' Of
course there was but one answer to that-^' Yes ; ' and
he exclaimed, ' Abominable ! ' Throughout he listened
most attentively and sympathetically, getting me to
continue by further questions w'hen I stopped, lest I
should be wearying him.

"'Well, then,' he said, after he had questioned us,
' what have you come about to-day ? ' Dr. Richard
then handed to him the suggestions for the. settlement
Of Mission troubles in Shansi. He read them through
most carefully, called for a pen, and only marked one
sentence of which he disapproved. Having finished
reading he said, ' Yes, the proposals are very good, but
I fear the people of Shansi are too poor to carry some
of them out.' Dr. Richard and he then had a long
and most interesting talk on the settlement of affairs
concerning the Christians in China generally. ' Well,
now, what would you propose ? ' he asked. Dr. Richard
wisely replied that it was too wide a subject to answer
off-hand, but he would put his proposals in writing.

112

a, B

Timothy Richard, D.D.

Throughout the whole interview (which lasted an hour
and a half) he evinced grpat interest in the subjects
we brought before him, and Dr. Richard said he had
seldorn seen him so much in earnest."

Dr. Richard found it inipossible himself to proceed
to Shansi, but with the consent of Sir Ernest Satow,
the British Minister at Peking, and of the two Peace
Plenipotentiaries, he arranged for a party to set out.
It consisted of Messrs. D. E. Hoste, A. Orr Ewing,
C. H. Tjader, and Ernest Taylor of the Ghinai Inland
Mission ; the Rev. Moir Duncan and Dr. Creasy Smith,
of the Baptist Missionary Society ; Dr. Atwood and
Dr. Edwards. Major Pereira, of the Grenadier Guards,
accompanied them in an unofficial capacity. A Chinese
military escort was provided.

Only in one place was there a studied neglect of the
party by the local authority, and even there the
official in charge atoned for his discourtesy by later
attentions, and efforts for the comfort and convenience
of the missionaries. It was a remarkable, coincidence,
and not a designed arrangement, that they entered
T'ai-ytian-fu upon 9th July, the first anniversary of the
massacre. Impressive memorial services were held in
the city, at as nearly as possible the spot of martyrdom,
and also in the cemetery ; and similar services were
conducted in neighboufring places where lives had been
lost.

The Rev. Moir Duncan, Dr. Creasy Smith, and
Major Pereira were permitted- to go on to the old
station of the two former, Si-ngan-fu, where the Court
still was, and administer famine relief to the needy
people. ' When the Court returned to Peking, many of
the idle, ill-paid soldiers were disbanded and returned
home, and Mission work became again possible.

Dr. Richard's proposals as to the University were
objected to by the Governor on the score of the poverty
of th& people. The answer given was the fact already
alluded to, that the money spent upon theatricals
every year far exceeded that required for this new

114

The Shan si University-
purpose. After strong pressure, the Governor yielded
upon conditions, and dispatched a representative to
discuss the terms with Dr. Richard in Shanghai. The
Governor's stipulations were — (1) That the money
contributed for this object should in no sense be
considered a fine for the events of the year 1900 ; (2)
That foreign teachers should not be allowed to
" promulgate the doctrine " in the Colleges ; (3) That
no chapel should be connected with the schools ; (4)
That the foreign teachers should have no concern what-
ever with the internal arrangements of the Colleges
and schools. Dr. Richard declined any part in the
matter if such rules were to obtain. Negotiations
were continued, however, and eventually the Governor
agreed to grant the amount necessary, and allow Dr.
Richard the unconditional management of the institu-
tion, the staff, and the curriculum for ten years, at the
end of which period the control was to pass to the
Chinese authorities.

In the North China Herald Dr. Richard wrote as
follows concerning the constitution of the University : —

"In the autumn of last year an agreement was
entered into with the Governor of Shansi whereby I
should have the sole control of the sum of Tls. 50,000
annually for ten years. Then it was that I invited six
Professors from Europe and America to teach in the
College and translate for it, with the Rev. Moir
Duncan, M.A., as Principal. On 3rd April we started
for Shansi with some of these and six native Professors
of Western learning. Meanwhile, the Governor, of
Shansi had been told by ignorant and prejudiced men
that our institution was only to be a proselytising one,
to destroy Confucianism, and to force the students of
Shansi to become Christians, to give up the most sacred
customs of China, and learn the evil ways of the West.
He therefore was perplexed ; some advised him to open
up a rival one on Confucian bases.

" It took forty days of conference to remove this
suspicion. At the very first interview with the

115

Timothy Richard, D.D.

Governor we strongly deprecated having two rival
institutions, as it would be a great waste of money,
and it would also perpetuate the strife which our new
institution was intended to end. Why not rather
amalgamate the two under one general name of Shansi
University, and let one deivote itself entirely to the
study of Chinese learning (for Chinese education is
rather backward in Shansi), and the other devote itself
entirely to Western learning ? This the enlightened
Taotai Shen Tun Ho at once supported, suggesting a
name for each, which was subsequently adopted. The
Governor seemed inclined to the same view, provided
he would have share in the control. This was arranged
afterwards to the entire satisfaction of both parties.

" The next point of interest is a radical departure
in the course of study. It has been the rule almost
universally in China to have half the day devoted to
Chinese studies, and the other half to Western studies.
But I pointed out to the Governor that the times were
serious, and China might have trouble with foreigners
soon again. If they did not prepare men quickly, they
were exposing themselves to great perils. I therefore
proposed that none should be admitted to the Western
Department who had not the Siutsai (Chinese B.A.)
degree, and finished their course in Chinese learning.
In this way, at the end of six years, they would have
better men turned out than those who had spent
twelve years according to the old system. This he
was a little afraid of at first, but finally acquiesced in
most heartily.

" The question of religious liberty, which is now
occupying much of the attention of all engaged in
Christian Missions, also came up. We arrived at the
conclusion, after a very long day's conference, that the
framers of Regulations for the conduct of any University
had no power to abrogate solemn Treaties made with
foreign Powers forty years ago. It was a matter for
Peking, and not for the Provincial authorities, to decide
on. Consequently this matter was left; we rely on

116

The Shansi University

the toleration which the Treaties secured. I find
intelligent Chinamen most reasonable on this point.
The Grand Viceroy Tso told me, ' If you do not force
our people to become Christians, we will not force them
not to become Christians if they wish to.'

"As the new buildings for the University are not
yet up, the Governor kindly lent for our present use
the Hwang Hwa Kuan, the residence of the Imperial
Examiner for the Chinese M.A. degree, which was put
up by H. E. Chang Chih Tung when Governor there,
over twenty years ago. It is the best building for our
purpose in the city. This was handed over to us on
the 9th of June, when the Governor invited Principal
Duncan, Professor Nystrom, and myself to meet the
leading officials and gentry of the city to dinner in our
new quarters. This was the happy conclusion of our
negotiations. On the following day I left.

" On the 26th of June, when the necessary alterations
had been made in the buildings, the Foreign Depart-
ment was formally opened, with the Governor, leading
officials, and gentry in attendance, when ninety-eight
students enrolled themselves. Two more foreign
Professors, Messrs. Peck and Swallow, have gone to
Shansi since, thus making the Shansi University
stronger in its foreign staff than any other as yet.

"The next important question as to how to provide
the best text-books for the University is too wide a
subject to enter on here, though intimately connected
with the well-being of the University. Meanwhile, we
have a translation department in Shanghai, where
Professor Lyman and Mr. Darrock, with a staff of
Chinese assistants, are hard at work preparing text-
books.

" So much in regard to the new agreement by which
the two institutions in Shansi work harmoniously
instead of as rivals. May they both prove fruitful of
much good to that sorely afflicted Province. The
ability, energy, and devotion of the Principal, and
the high qualifications of the Professors, together with

117

Timothy Richard, B.D.

the goodwill of the officials and gentry, give us every
reason to hope that it will be so. Mrs. Duncan, who
is an L.L.A., and who at present is the only foreign
lady in T'ai-ytian-fu, hopes by and by to open a school
for higher- class ladies." '

Principal Moir Duncan, writing later — on 23rd
September, 1902 — with reference to the funds for
the maintenance of the University, said : "1. The
money is not, as represented, blood money in any
sense. 2. It is not being extorted from an unwilling
and famine-stricken populace, but comes direct from
the Board of Re-venue." The resolve that the money
should not be received as an indemnity by the Mission-
ary Societies, but be spent for the promotion of
Chinese education, was in truth a signal case of " heap-
ing coals of fire upon the head."

Dr. Richard assumed the influential post of Chancellor
to the infant University, and right well he guided its
fortunes during that critical first decade.

"As soon as the opening of the College was decided
on," Dr. Richard says, " Edicts were issued that similar
Colleges should be established in .every Province of the
Empire, so as to direct the studies of a million students
on Western subjects. This costs the Government about
£100,000 annually — singularly enough, the very amount
suggested to the Missionary Societies fifteen years
previously for the establishment of a Christian College-
in each Provincial capital. But we cannot expect these
Colleges, to be Christian now, as the Missionary
Societies then declined to take advantage of the
opportunity they had of providing Christian teachers.
If they had made use of it, the whole of China could
have been supplied v/ith Christian teachers to-day,
instead of the few which the foresight of Drs. Mateer,
Sheffield, and a few others had succeeded in teaching.
Self-support comes easily in that form. Now several
Societies are willing to start Christian Colleges, but
the pity is that instead of leading, they are following
the Chinese."

118

TIMOTHY EIOHABU, D.D., LITT.D.
As Chancellor of Shaosi University)

Timothy Richard, D.D.

On his way back from the establishment of this seat
of learning, Dr. Richard was invited by the Viceroy of
Chihli, Yuen Shih-kai, successor to Li Hung Chang, to
stay at the University he had just opened at Pao-ting-
fu, the Provincial capital. The Provincial Treasurer,
Chow Foo, entertained the Doctor to dinner at his
official residence. As he had been promoted to be
Governor of Shantung, his successor as Provincial
Treasurer had already arrived. This oflScial was present
at the dinner, together with the Provincial Judge, the
Prefect, the University Proctor, and a son of Chow Foo,
once a pupil of Mrs. Richard's, and one of the suite of
Prince Chun when on his Mission of apology to the
German Emperor. There were three other missionary
guests — altogether a distinguished company.

Concerning the occasion Dr. Richard writes : " To
you at home there is nothing remarkable about such a
thing as giving a dinner. But when you consider that
thirty-two years ago, when I came to China, no
mandarin, except under compulsion, would dream of
such condescension, and when you consider the intense
anti-foreign feeling before the Boxer Rising, and
increased by the action of the Allies in the north of
China, for a mandarin to have 'invited us freely of his
own accord marked an immense stride made in social
intercourse between the leaders of the East and the
West. Even the table was set in foreign fashion —
with a white tablecloth, knives, forks, and spoons, table
napkins, etc., instead of the bare table and chopsticks.

" But what impressed me far more than all was
the remarkable speech made by Governor Chow Foo,
at the close of the dinner, in the presence of the
mandarins whom he was now leaving to govern some
twenty odd millions in his stead. After two of us had
made speeches appreciative of the new reforms set on
foot by the Governor when Treasurer of Chihli . . ; he
made a speech in reply which is worth waiting for
thirty years to listen to, when it springs from a sincere
soul, as I believe it does in this instance. What he

1S20

I The Shansi University

said was this: He had made special inquiries into the
attitude of missionaries in different countries and ages,
and he had come to the conclusion that they were
always in the vanguard, helping the various nations in
reform and progress. Therefore, before leaving the
Province, he was proud to have the opportunity to
express his appreciation of the great services we were
rendering to his country.

" It is God in Christ Jesus who inspired our hearts
with love to the Chinese, and if it takes thirty years
to obtain such a testimony from a man who has it in
his power to influence tens of millions, then, I take it,
the work is worth continuing till all the rulers are led
to the same opinion, and to the holding of even still
higher truths."

Prince Chun had an interview with Dr. Richard
at Shanghai before setting out on his Mission to
Germany. Even more striking was the fact that the
special envoy appointed to Japan on a similar errand,
Na-tung, although an extreme Conservative, and a very
active and prominent leader of the Boxer movement,
came to Dr. Richard for confidential assistance ere he
started on his Mission. An exceptional opportunity
was thus afforded, of which the Doctor was not slow to
take advantage, to put before this one-time opponent
the Reformers' point of view in relation to matters still
theisubject of keen discussion.

121

CHAPTER VIII
Recent Years

IN 1901 Dr. Richard had been appointed, by special
Edict under the Government of the Empress-
Dowager, to be adviser to the Chinese Government.
In the same year, after the Shansi troubles had been'
settled satisfactorily, an Edict was issued from the
Throne instructing the Foreign Office to consult Dr.
Richard and the Roman Catholic Bishop Favier as to
how to establish a better understanding between the
Chinese Government and the Protestant and Roman
Catholic Missions. Both the Bishop and Dr. Richard
were promoted to mandarin, rank, with a red button
of the first griade. The former, however, died before
the negotiations were completed. Dr. Richard con-
sulted a number of his colleagues, and eventually seven
regulations were drawn up, with which the majority
of Protestants were satisfied, and which were approved
by the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Westminster,
who offered to send them to Rome, strougly recom-
mending their adoption. The result. Dr. Richai:d
hopes; has laid "a solid foundation of permanent
peace.''

A great sorrow fell upon the strenuous worker in
1903, in the loss of the one who had been his companion
and loyal and loving helpmeet for twenty-five years.
On 6th March Mrs Richard went into hospital in
Shanghai for an operation which would, it was fondly
hoped, prolong her useful career. The disease from
which she suffered had,' however, already taken such
hold upon the system that it was impossible to eradicate

122

Recent Years

it, and she passed away on 10th July, at the compara-
tively early age of fifty-nine.

Up to her last illness she was teaching English in
some of the families of th^ high mandarins. Her only
reply to expostulations as to the pressure at which she
worked was : " I am never so happy as when I have
plenty to do. There will be time enough to rest by
and by. Now the workers are so few."

Thus her later years had been as full of busy toil
as the earlier. A highly accomplished lady, with a full
consecration of her gifts of heart and mind to Christ
and China, she laboured with singular efficiency in
many directions. In her husband's literary work she
took an active interest and an important share. During
the furlough in England of his colleague Dr. Edkins,
near the beginning of Dr. Richard's connection with
the Christian Literature Society, Mrs. Richard edited
the Messenger. Afterwards, for some years, she was
co-editor of Woman's Work in the Far East, and
towards the end became editor of the first numbers
of the English edition of the East of Asia. One or
two of her published papers, read before the Shanghai
Missionary Association, exhibit great merits.

Notice has already been taken of some of Mrs.
Richard's translations. To them must be added part
of Jeremy Taylor's "Holy Living"; Lord Northbrook's
" Sayings of Jesus " ; Professor Goodspeed's " Messianic
Hopes of the Jews'; the words of Handel's ''Messiah";
and the Anthems in the Congregational Hymn-Book.
The last two were intended for Christians to commit
to memory.

Mrs. Richard was one of the Directors and sole
foreign Inspector of the Chinese High Class Girls'
School, founded by the Reformers in 1898-99. She
had an extensive knowledge of the theory and practice
of music, and wrote a Chinese tune book in native
notation and an English pamphlet on Chinese music.

Testimony is borne of her that "as missionary, as
friend, as wife, and as mother, there was in Mrs.

123

Timothy Richard, D.D.

Richard a rare combination of ability, culture, devotion,
and affection, which endeared her to thousands of
friends, both Chinese and foreign. Such are some of
the precious lives which God lavishes on China. Alas,
that it is so slow to learn ! " Many high native and
foreign oflScials attended the funeral, including H. E. Ho
Taotai and his family.

Dr. Richard took full advantage of his influential
advisory position, and was as active as ever in his
representations to the Government. He says : " After
thirty- four years, in 1904, I appeared before the
Chinese Government, and told them that for thirty
years I had been preaching to them a sermon on the
' only way ' to save themselves, and the chief heads
were four : —

" 1. That nearly thirty years ago I laid before them
that the only way of ending famine, and the annual
starvation of millions which continued then, was by
opening railways, mines, introducing manufactures,
etc.

" 2. That about ten years later I laid before them
that the only way of successfully competing with
foreign nations was by modern education, which covers
all departments of human needs.

" 3. That about ten years later, finding that they
had neglected my former suggestions, the only way
then of saving the nation was for them to procure
foreign experts as advisers of the Government.

" 4. That nine years had passed since that advice,
and although they believed in each of the former ways
at present, not one of them was sufficient to save them.
It was too late to trust in them alone. The only way
of saving China to-day was by federation on the basis
of the Kingdom of God !

" Five times I preached that sermon of the only way
of salvation to each member of the Chinese Foreign
Office, and a sixth time to them collectively. I asked
them to consider if there was any other way of saving
their country, and each of them confessed that they

124

THE LATE MRS. BICHABD

Timothy Richard, D.D.

did not know ol anything better, and their chief —
Prince Ch'ing — in 1904, promised that he would try
this method. This was both an assent and a challenge
to Christendom. Oh, that the ideal might speedily
become the actual, so that the action of the members
of the roreignl Office might open the door for the
salvation of 400 millions ! I strove to address that
whole audience of hundreds of millions through these
on Whitsunday, and prayed much that the Spirit might
descend on those who had slain the followers of the
Righteous One. Shortly after I had the opportunity
of suggesting the same to one of the leading statesmen
of Japan, and he said he was certain that Japan would
be most happy to federate on this basis of the Golden
Rule — Reciprocity."

To this Dr. Richard adds : " Alas, that in 1906 young
China, which delights in pointing out the shortcomings
of foreigners, has damped the ardour of the Government
in following even what is good. May this ■ reaction be
more shortlived than the others ! "

The Chinese merchants of Shanghai, at the sugges-
tion of Dr. Richard, in which Dr. Pott atid Dr. Ferguson
united, subscribed over £4000 towards a Chinese
Public School. The Shanghai Municipal Council
gave land valued at about the same sum, in addition
to an annual grant-in-aid. ' Dr. Richard was Chairman
of the first School Committee. The School accom-
modates 400 pupils, and the two principal masters are
Englishmen, actuated by a desire to make the institii-
tion a means of implanting the noblest ideals in the
minds of their scholars. It was proposed from the
first, in order to secure sympathy and co-operation
between Chinese and foreigners, that two of the five
members of the Committee should be Chinese, and
this course was followed.

The war between Russia and Japan caused an
International Red Cross Society to be formed in
Shanghai in 1904, and of this Dr. Richard became
Foreign Secretary. This raised over Tls. 500,000,

126

Recent Years

chiefly from the Chinese, for the relief of the sufferers
from the conflict in Manchuria. The relief was
administered irrespective of nationality, and the bulk
of the unrelieved sufferers were the Chinese who were
driven from their homes by the two combatants.
For services rendered in this cause Dr. Richard was
awarded the Reci Cross Medal.

Home scenes were revisited in 1905 to 1906, but, as
usual, the purpose was one of work rather than of
rest. Dr. Richard thus explains his objects : —

" 1. To increase interest in the Christian Literature
Society. 2. To help to reform missionary methods so
as to get tenfold better results from present expendi-
ture. 3. To help to secure universal peace by the
federation of ten of the leading nations, and thus
remove the greatest curse which has ever fallen upon
the human race — the curse of modern militarism.

" Old institutions in all departments of life have a
tendency to degenerate into the routine of following
precedents ; consequently, as conditions of the times
are constantly changing, new institutions arise to meet
the new needs. The Missionary Societies are no
exception to the rule. The result is that we have
seen many new Societies formed during the century —
the Zenana Movement, the Women's Mission work, the
China Inland Mission, the Christian Literature Societies
of India and China, the Christian Endeavour Society,
the Student Volunteer Movement, the Student
Christian Union, the Y.M.C.A. Foreign Mission work,
the Missionary literature for home reading. Missionary
Lectureship, and last, but not least, the Science of
Missions.

" Happily some of the Missionary Societies have more
elasticity in them than others, and they have striven
to meet the new needs in China, where the greatest
changes on earth are now taking place. They are
uniting as members of one body to divide the evangel-
istic field, to co-operate in medical and educational
work, and also in the preparation of sound literature

127

Timothy Richard, D.D.

for aiding China to be regenerated in all departments
of life. These united efforts are yet, however, only in
their infancy. It is only a few in the Societies who
see the vast importance and the necessity of the
Christian Church as a whole, and not merely as sixty
different Societies, sending out a few of the ablest men
in Christendom to examine into the chief needs of
China, and to urge all the Missionary Societies to
co-operate in this."

With the- result of his appeal for the Christian
Literature Society, Dr. Richard was disappointed. The
annual sum promised was £700, as against nearly a
million spent annually on the other four departments
of Mission work, and this he stigmatised as "a
monstrous lack of balance of forces."

The representations urging Missionary Reform and
the sending out of eighteen " Missionary statesmen,"
one for each Province, brought the promise from a
personal friend of securities realising £400 per annum.
Failing a readiness on the part of the Societies, how-
ever, to take into consideration any extensive change
of methods, Dr. Richard organised a Committee of
twenty-eight members, half from the Established
Churches and half from the Free Churches of Great
Britain, to send out five experts to China on each of
the following subjects : — " 1. On God's universal basis
of religion to save mankind. 2. On Education based
on this religion. 3. On Literature to expound it.
4. On Philanthropy to embody it. 5. On organisation
of forces to accomplish it."

Expressing some characteristic opinions on these
points, Dr. Richard says : " Those who refuse to co-
operate in Christian work are responsible for depriving
Christianity of the chief evidence of its divinity, while
those who take an unenlightened view of Christianity
are responsible for preventing intelligent men from
accepting a form of Christianity which is unworthy of
God.

"In response to the effort made for the federation

128

Recent Years

of the nations as the only method known by the
experience of all history to give permanent peace, the
heads of the leading Governments of the world were
approached, as they were once before ten years ago.
The challenge of China and Japan to Christendom, to
federate on the basis of true reciprocity, commended
itself generally to the Peace Congresses, both popular
and official. One body promised to recommend the
discussion of my proposal at the next Hague Conference.
Others expressed the greatest sympathy, while they
could not see their way to definitely commit themselves
to a particular method. But many are unfortunately
pressing the impracticable and unprecedented scheme
of national disarmament, instead of organising federa-
tion, which has always succeeded in solving such
problems. The only difference is that this is on a
larger scale. But all things in these days are develop-
ing on the universal instead of on the national scale.
The liational is obsolete. Why waste time on resus-
citating the dead ? It cannot be done !

" When federation against the lawless takes place, a
diplomatic effort should be made to secure a common
system of education, where the true ideals of each
religion and civilisation, instead of caricatures of them,
should be studied in the Universities and schools of all
nations.

" My experience shows that if the missionaries before
being sent out were to go through a careful course of
study in Comparative Religion, and in the Science of
Missions, just as the medical man has to qualify himself
before he comes to Cbina, instead of being usually
ignorant of these, as the rule is now, then, iustead of
each missionary having on an average about fifty
converts, as is the case at present, each missionary
might have 5000 converts. Such were the results of
the preaching of the prophet^ and apostolic men of all
lands. They were statesmen. We need such statesmen
for China, and one or two at least in each Province.
If a hundred choice men follow this plan, the Chinese

9 129

Timothy Richard, D.D.

Christian leaders could, under the blessing of God,
convert the rest of China in a generation or two. This
is not a wild speculation, but is amply borne out by
the history of the most successful missionaries in all
lands, ancient and modern. They never degenerated
into mere pastors of churches, but they founded many
churches, colleges, schools, and other useful institutions,
over which they put competent local men to preside."

A portion of Dr. Kichard's time was occupied in
addressing meetings in various parts of the country, and
the impression he made was very deep. The Liverpool
Daily Post of 14th March, 1905, commenting on his
appearance in that city, said : — " Only Sir Robert Hart
excels him in knowledge of Chinese literature, Chinese
religion, and all that concerns and characterises the
Chinese people. To hear him in Toxteth Tabernacle
last night was to feel that one was in the presence of
a cultured, sagacious, open-minded philosopher. . . .
This great scholar is said to think in Chinese, but the
English, which by dint of will he recovers, is vigorous,
precise, and pure. ... A bold and explicit tribute to
the Japanese warfare for 'right and God' was a
digression welcomed with cheers as loud as would have
greeted a patriotic allusion to British prowess. And
then the speaker ingeminated Peace, Peace."

The Baptist World Congress was meeting in London
in this year, and Dr. Richard was a delegate to it from
the Baptists in China. He was appointed a member of
the Committee which drew up the Constitution.

The visit of the Chinese Imperial Commissioners to
England, in the course of their great world tour —
undertaken for the purpose of studying the commercial
and other phases of life among the civilised nations-
was made the occasion of the presentation of an address
from the Protestant Missionary Societies. Forty repre-
sentatives of eighteen different Societies, " other than
Roman Catholic," met at the Chinese Legation on
7th April, 1906. The deputation included Sir T. Fowell
Buxton, G.C.M.G,, Sir Andrew Wingate, K.CI.E., the

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Timothy Richard, D.D.

Rev. Dr. Monro Gibson and other leaders, fclerical and
lay, Dr. Richard being one of the Baptist Missionary
Society members of the group.

A courteous reception was accorded them by the,
Chinese Minister and the First Secretary to the Special
Mission, Tso Ping Lung, who, though attired in Chinese
dress, spoke English freely. The chief member of the
Commission was H.I.H. Duke Tsai Tseh. He was
accompanied by Mr. Brennan, ex-Consul General at
Shanghai, who introduced the leaders of the deputation
to him. Sir T. Fowell Buxton stated briefly the object
of the deputation, and presented an illuminated copy of
the address from the Missionary Societies. The Wenli
translation was then read by the Rev. George Owen,
(London Missionary Society). Sir Andrew Wingate,
in the name of the Bible Society, presented each
Commissioner with a splendidly bound copy of the
Imperial edition of the Wenli New Testament, a
facsimile of that presented to the Empress-Dowager
some years previously, and also the Queen's Jubilee
edition of the English Bible in Wenli.

The address to the Commission contained the follow-
ing passages: — "The object of their missionaries in
China is distinct from that of representatives of foreign
Governments and of commercial enterprise. They have
nothing to do with the annexation of territory, the
movements of naval and m,ilitary forces and the framing
of international treaties of any description. Moreover,
the Societies now addressing you expressly direct their
missionaries not to interfere with the internal politics
of China, carefully to respect the administration of civil
law, and not to seek the conferment of social status for
themselves, or extra-territorial privilege for their con-
verts. . . . Their sole object is to place before the
Chinese facts respecting Him who is the Saviour of the
world, and which God has commanded them to make
known to all nations. . . . The sincere disciples of
Christ in China — and you will discriminate between
sincere and insincere — have proved themselves worthy

' 132

Recent Years

and law-abiding citizens, for the Christian religion,
teaches them to be subject to their rulers and to honour
all men."

A painful blow fell upon the youthful University
of Shansi in August, 1906, by the death, in the prime
of life, of Dr. Moir Duncan. In the few years during
which he had presided over its destinies, he had
succeeded in a very remarkable degree in consolidating
its work and directing the progress of its students.
He proved himself eminently capable in an office
requiring great force of character, administrative
ability, and teaching faculties.

Dr. Richard bore genuine testimony to his sterling
worth. " What he accomplished," said the Doctor,
" during the last four years in China has beaten the
record of all the other Universities in China. Those of
Peking, Pao-ting-fu, and Chi-nan-fu had all been
opened before Shansi, but none of them, so far, had
been able to complete a course somewhat like the
London University Matriculation before proceeding
with the University course proper. Shansi University
sent a batch of 25 last year to Peking, and they all
passed. This year 57 more were sent and 55 passed.
Now 31 more finished the Matriculation course a
month ago, making in all a total of 113 who have
completed that course. . . . Some, ignorant of the con-
stitution of the University, were under the impression
that there were restrictions on the teaching of Christi-
anity there. ' There is no such restriction. The Pro^
fessor of History will have frequent and ample
opportunity of pointing out the dift'erent fruit of the
different religions in the various colonisations of
the world, and their effect on the rise and progress of
the nations. Besides this, the Professors who live in
the University grounds, both English and Chinese,
met every Sunday- and had a religious service in
the Principal's house. At first Dr. Duncan had
considerable difficulty in getting the conservative
authorities to understand his rigid impartiality towards

133

Timothy Richard, B.D.

the students, rich and poor, official and non-official ;
but in the end they highly appreciated his magnificent
energy, his devotion to the welfare of China, and also
his strict justice to all the students alike. In proof of
their appreciation of him, the Chinese authorities, who
had nothing to do with engaging him or paying his
salary, on seeing that he left a widow and two
daughters, at once subscribed and presented Mrs.
Duncan with a generous gift."

For eighteen months, during the illness and after the
death of Principal Duncan, Professor L. R. 0. Be van,
M.A., LL.B., acted as Principal, until the recent head,
the Rev. W. E. Soothill, was appointed.

About the same time as the loss of Dr. Duncan
occurred, the Rev. Evan Morgan, Baptist Missionary
Society, of T'ai-yiian-fu, was set apart for the work of
the Christian Literature Society, as an additional col-
league to Dr. Richard. At a public dinner which the
Governor of Shansi gave to the Professors of the
University and his Chinese chief officers, the Governor
and the Provincial Judge, having heard of Mr. Morgan's
intended removal, begged that he might remain six
months longer with them, as they had found him so
friendly and helpful to them. This was pleasing
evidence of the new relations between the highest
official class and the missionaries.

A party of twenty-five students from Shansi Uni-
versity visited England in 1907 for special studies, to
assist them upon their return in developing the vast
mineral resources of their native province. Their
studies were directed by Li Ching-fang, son of Li
Hung Chang, and at that time Minister-Designate to
Great Britain^ A farewell luncheon was given to the
departing youths in Shanghai by Dr. Richard. There
were sixty guests, the two principal of whom — Li
Ching-fang and Shen Tun Ho — spoke in grateful
terms of Dr. Richard's services, and gave excellent
advice to the students. " You young men," said ShSn
Tun Ho, in concluding his speech, " have received

134

Timothy Richard, D.D.

degrees from this modern University, and are going
abroad to be trained for future usefulness. Good has
come out of the evil of 1900, and I wish you great
success in your studies." For the first time in their
lives these twenty -five students wore European dress.

The Centenary Conference of Missions in China, held
in Shanghai in 1907, was a memorable gathering, cer-
tainly one of the most influential congresses of workers
in the foreign field ever brought together. Dr.
Richard was Vice-President of this assembly, which,
among its many other important recommendations,
passed several resolutions upon the subject of Christian
literature. The following are the chief: —

" 1. That in view of the educational awakening and
unprecedented literary renaissance of China, the influx
of materialistic literature prepared in Japan, the slow-
ness of production under the present methods, and the
clamant need of the Churth for new and helpful books,
this Conference strongly urges the various Missionary
Societies represented at this gathering to set free able
men for literary work.

" 2. That this Conference makes a strong appeal to
the Missionary Societies and Boards in the home lands
to furnish money enough to carry out the more pressing
needs of Christian literary work, so that the Church
may not lose the opportunity of the ages.

" 3. That, as the dissemination of Christian literature
is as important as its production, this Conference
recommends that a Local Religious Literature Com-
mittee be formed in every centre of missionary activity,
to promote the preparation and dissemination of
religious literature by the opening of book-stores,
reading-rooms, colportage work, etc."

The Chinese Government added to the signal marks
of favour already shown to Dr. Richard by conferring '
upon him, in 1907, the Double Dragon, 2nd Order,
2nd grade.

Count Okuma, formerly Prime Minister and Minister
of Foreign Affairs in Japan, has established a great

136

Recent Years

private University, called , the Waseda University,
containing some 6000 or 7000 students, of whom one-
tenth are Chinese. Dr. Richard visited this institution,
and the Count assembled all the Chinese students in
one of the halls, and invited him to address them. The
Doctor asked him if he wished him to speak upon any
particular subject, and the Count replied, "No; speak
to them about anything that you consider most
important for them to know." Accordingly, Dr.
Richard spoke in Chinese on the importance of the
Kingdom of God. The address, delivered in the
presence of the Count, the President,- and the leading
Professors, was most warmly welcomed.

Korea >vas being subjected to the ordeal of " pacifica-
tion " by Japan when Dr. Richard was invited to Seoul
to lecture, in the hope of assisting in a better under-
standing between the two countries. In December,
1908, he accordingly spent a week in the capital, and
meetings were held three times daily for three days in
the Y.M.C.A. Hall. Prominent part was taken in the
gatherings by leading Korean and Japanese Christians,
missionaries working in Korea, Japanese and Korean
statesmen, and the foreign Consuls-General. A
religious tone pervaded the entire proceedings.

Speaking seven times through Korean interpreters
who understood English, Dr. Richard addressed the
various classes. On the first day the audience consisted
of about a thousand Christians, men and women, in
practically equal numbers, some being members of
leading families in the city. The following day a
thousand or so of students from the Government and
Mission, schools came together. On the third day
Prince Ito, two other Japanese Princes, the Prime
Minister, the heads of the various Government depart-
ments, the Consuls-General, and principal inhabitants,
native and foreign, composed, the gathering.

Prince Ito gave a banquet at his residence to about
fifty guests. In a remarkable and impressive speech
he said that, by command of his Emperor, he had

137

Timothy Richard, D.D.

visited the West a number of times, in order to
discover the secret of its prosperity. He had come to
the conclusion that material prosperity — and he
rejoiced in the material prosperity of every nation —
could not last long without moral backbone, and a
strong backbone could not be had without religious
sanction behind it. From that they cotild see that he
was in full sympathy with the work of the Y.M.C.A.,
and with all Christian work. From that day forth he
hoped they would all consider him as one of their
co-workers.

Dr. Richard was asked to reply for the company, and
in doing so, observed that although Prince Ito had not
yet joined the Christian Church he had done much for
Christianity in Japan. He had secured religious liberty
in the Constitution. The sentiments which he had
just given expression to reminded him of precisely the
same views held by Oonstantine, Charlemagne, Alfred
the Great, and other rulers in Europe. In His Highness
they had one of the most enlightened statesmen of the
modern world, and in time he would be able to do
wonders for Korea, as he had done for Japan.

Alas ! Prince Ito's valuable career was suddenly cut
short by the act of the assassin.

For long the need of a new building for the Christian
Literature Society was sorely felt. The great incon-
venience and expense of hired quarters — constantly
changed as rents rose or the growth of the work made
increased accommodation necessary — formed an anxious
problem. The way out was seen in a legacy of about
£2500 bequeathed by Sir Thomas Hanbury, the total
cost being some £7000. The foundation stone was
laid on 29th July, 1908, and the Society is now in the
enjoyment of a permanent home, expressly reared for
its occupation and suited in all respects to its peculiar
requirements. In a quiet suburb, where the surround-
ings are conducive to study and literary work, and oti
premises where the convenience of the staff has been
carefully considered, the best output of heart and brain

138

Timothy Richard, D.D.

can be produced, with^ reasonable comfort, and with
more rapidity than of old.

One of the most valuable possessions of the new
building is what the Directors have named the
" Timothy Richard Library," being Dr. Richard's
private library, collected by him in the course of the
years at considerable expense, and generously presented
to the Society. It consists of some 8000 volumes —
6000 in English and 3000 in Chinese.

The. building of a new depot is now " a consumma-
tion devoutly to be wished." In what is known as
" the Paternoster Row of Shanghai " the Society has
a semi-Chinese building, ill-suited to its work, with
poky little rooms, overcrowded with stock, and present-
ing great dangers should fire at any time break out.
To be near the centre is as important for the depot as
to be a little away from it is advantageous to the
editorial side of the work ; and the desirability of
a, new and up-to-date building, specially planned, ' in
the business quarter of Shanghai, is now appealing to
those on the spot.

If the Society could also have its own printing plant
it would effect considerable economy, and enable it
better to compete with the rivals who are springing
up in the form of native publishing houses, established
on a large scale, and conducted on most modern lines.
Japanese firms, too, are supplying books of various
classes in large numbers. The entirely non-rieligious
character of this recent flood of print makes the dis-
tinctive note of the Society's publications more
essential than ever.

140

CHAPTER IX
The Present Day

THE World Missionary Conference in Edinburgh in
1910 brought Dr. Richard again to Europe, the
Baptist Missionary Society being anxious that he
should attend as one of their delegates. If the Reports
of the various Commissions do not yield such extensive
evidence of his influence as is the case with some other
names, he contributed his share. As a correspondent
of the Commissions on Missions and Governments and
Education in Relation to Christianisation of National
Life, he gave valuable suggestions and opinions, inter-
woven in the Reports. On the subject of education
Dr. Richard expresses some strong criticisms. Thus he
affirms that the primary education offered by Mission
schools is, generally speaking, inferior to good Chinese
education. On secondary schools he observes : — " The
secondary schools have all been so Western as to make
the students almost foreigners in thought and habits and
largely out of touch with native thought and feeling."

On this the Commission comments as follows : — " It
should be observed, however, that others maintain that
the Chinese are of so tough an intellectual fibre as to
retain their true Chinese character even under Western
education. Some educators emphasise the fact that
the best Christians trained in their Missions are the
most loyal and patriotic Chinese. Loyalty to their
nation, it is said, seems often to be born with Christian
faith. The Chinese classics, taught in almost all cases,
make, we are told, an excellent point d'appui for
Christian teaching and commentary. Thus, native

141

Timothy Richard, D.D.

ideals are illuminated, not destroyed, by Christian
education."

In course of the discussion upon literature Dr.
Richard spoke, as might be expected. He said : —

" I want to emphasise that, while all the departments
of missionary work have done splendid work and are
needed, in the comparative strength of the medical,
evangelistic, educational, and literary departments, there
is a strange disparity in, strength, some of the others
being twenty times, and one two hundred times, the
strength of the literary. Is this disparity wise ? To
some it seems like forging an anchor chain, with some
very strong links, but with one very weak. When the
strain is put on the anchor the chain is snapped, and
the ship is carried away to the rocks.

" Three times has God in His providence given us an
opportunity in China to win the whole Empire, but
each time the Christian Church has failed because of
weakness in the literary department. First, sixty years
ago the Tai-pings had more than a hundred million
followers, but had no adequate literature to counteract
the Old Testament idea of the conquest of Canaan, and
therefore failed.

" The second failure was twelve years ago, when
Reformers, who believed in the Fatherhood of God and
the brotherhood of nations, though they had over a
million followers, in three years failed for lack of
adequate Christian literature acting simultaneously on
the whole Empire.

"The third failure was last year, when the great
founder of modern education in China asked a mission-
ary to provide text-books for the twenty Universities of
China, but this opportunity could not be taken advan-
tage of because Christian Missions had not a sufficient
number of literary men to accomplish the task. These
are among the greatest tragedies of Christian Missions.

" All reforms have their root in new thoughts.
Socialists and political reformers in the various nations
of Europe and Asia have seized the Press, and in one

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The Present Day

generation have saturated the whole world with
Socialistic and political reform, securing constitutional
and other far-reaching reforms. If the secular Press
can successfully carry on a gigantic propaganda, changing
the attitude of the whole world, is it not equally possible
for the Missionary Societies, by adopting the same
magnificent engine, to change the religious thought of
all the non-Christian nations ?

" Every argument used for united effort in medical,
educational, and evangelistic training is an argument for
Christian literature, for you cannot train without books.
They do not fall like drops of rain ready made from the
sky, but have to be prepared with infinite care.

" The remedy for this is to have representatives of the
Missionary Societies from Europe and America, as well
as native Christians, to meet and decide what share
each Society shall take in this work, so as to have as
many men set apart for the production and distribution
of literature as there are medical and educational
workers, and have them unite with one another as far
as possible in one centre, and not in isolated places
where they cannot get the stimulus of the studies of
their fellow-workers. Then we should have agents
in each Province for the circulation and study of this
literature.

"Finally, let us pray for a far greater faith in the
possibility of bringing all nations to submission to our
Saviour in one generation, and let us pray God to show
us how to make every link in the Mission chain strong
enough to bear the strain without any link breaking to
the detriment of all."

Concerning the general subject of Christian literature
in China, the Report ou Education declared: "As to
the urgent necessity of having more works thoroughly
Chinese in texture — ' real Chinese books,' as one
correspondent calls them — there is no hesitation.
There is also a manifest wish that the works should be
well done, and, as literature, should be worthy of a
people with a high literary standard. In devotional

143

Timothy Richard, D.D.

and general religious literature, the main pleas are for
more commentaries abreast of modern requirements,
for simple exposition of Holy Scripture for the benefit
of the unlearned, for books of personal devotion, and
for works that may help to deepen the spiritual life of
the user. It is suggested, too, that a really good
Church History would be of service, together with any
works of definite Christian instruction. On the
apologetic side it may be inferred that the Christian
case, as against the religions of China, has already been
very ably put. But there is need of a new apologetic,
to deal not so much with old superstition, as with new
error. From almost every quarter of China there is
appeal for help against the flood of Rationalistic liter-
ature now poured into the land. The old books of
Evidences do not fully meet the need. New literature
is called for. It is suggested that works found useful
in apologetics at home are readily acclimatised in
China, and the West must come to the help of the
East in this matter. There is also a widespread wish
for more of the apologetic which lays stress upon the
fruits of Christianity.

" In the domain of moral, scientific, and general
literature, there is a place for more periodicals, both
newspapers and magazines, biographical works dealing
with leaders of the Christian Church and others, whose
lives illustrate the application of Christian principles ;
for good, healthy, entertaining literatuire, including
wholesome fiction, and for books which boys and girls,
educated under the new system, will read."

Following up the view of the Conference that the
turning-point of human history^ as far as China is
concerned, will occur within the next ten years,
Dr. Richard, on the eve of departing for Shanghai,
addressed a letter to the Secretaries of all Missionary
Societies at work in China, inviting consideration of a
proposal for a new adjustment of work, in anticipation
of the advance of the Empire about to take place. The
suggestion was on the lines with which the reader will

144

The Present Day

be familiar ere this. Christian Universities, Dr. Richard
observed, though excellent, would not be able to produce
students fit to be leading statesmen under twenty years.
By that time the battle would be lost or won. He
urged, therefore, that Christian influence should be
pressed into China not so much by increasing the
number of missionaries as by readjusting the present
missionaries in such a way as to make their work more
efficient and speedy. This could be done in two ways :
(1) By the promotion of able workers from positions
where they could only reach thousands to positions
where they could reach millions through the Press and
translation of the best books into Chinese ; (2) By
organising the 4000 expectant officials of China, who
were then assistant officials and had little to do, into a
systematic home study of the great universal problems
of our day, and have the Governors of each Province to
examine their subordinates once a year. It yet remains
to be seen what the ultimate issue of the proposal will be.
Dr. Richard's return to China was made the occasion
of an official welcome, the invitation to which was so
spontaneously and heartily given as to constitute it at
once a notable and a most gratifying tribute. The
President of the Provincial Assembly of Shansi,
hearing that the Doctor had reached Peking, sent
him an urgent telegram from T'ai-yiian-fu, by authority
of the Assembly, inviting him to visit them, and
intimating that the session would be specially extended
for five days that it might be sitting at the time of
his arrival. It is needless to say that Dr. Richard
deeply appreciated so signal an honour, and the
cordiality of feeling which prompted it.

He was received at the railway station at T'ai-yiian-
fu on Saturday, 12th November, by the President
and Vice-Presidents of the Provincial Assembly, repre-
sentatives of the Provincial officials, the University
staff, and the resident missionaries, with every mark
of esteem and indication of the pleasure to which hia
return gave rise.

10 145

Timothy Richard, D.D.

The following morning Dr. Richard addressed the
Professors of the University at the usual service in
the Principal's drawing-room. Subsequently he
preached to a large congregation in the Mission
Church. Governor Ting Pao-ch'uan entertained the
Doctor, Principal Soothill, the Provincial officials, and
the Faculty of the University to luncheon.

In the afternoon there was a public reception by the
Provincial Assembly at the Museum, in a large marquee
erected to seat several hundred people. In addition
to the Assembly, and the principal gentry of the city,
there were present the local Education Board, the
teachers from all the schools, and all the young men
from the various Colleges.

The President, Liang (a Hanlin), a broad-minded,
public-spirited man, in the course of an admirable
speech, referred in the most eulogistic phrases to the
generous sentiment that had prompted the foundation
of the University, and of the spirit in which it had
been conducted. Dr. Richard, who was greeted with
the utmost enthusiasm, announced that though the
funds still in hand were sufficient to carry on the
enterprise until the date originally fixed, he proposed
to transfer the balance, together with the buildings,
apparatus, material, and control of the Institution to
the officials and gentry of Shansi.

After attending evening service, Dr. Richard, Principal
Soothill, and the foreign Faculty were entertained at
dinner by the Assembly.

The next day (Monday) was spent in meeting the
Governor, the Literary Chancellor, the President and
Vice-Presidents of the Assembly, and the representative
gentry. The object was to devise terms of transfer,
but Dr. Richard decided to leave the preparation of
such entirely to the Chinese, and an adjournment was
made till evening at the Governor's Yam en. There
conditions of a very favourable kind were offered. Only
two of the articles were declined, namely, that stone
tablets be erected in the University, one giving the

146

■ ■■;«,■■•,*: ■

Timothy Richard, D.P.

history of the Institution, and the other to the memory
of Dr. Duncan. The generosity of the proposals will
be recognised, and they are testimony to the perfect
understanding and friendship of the ofScials, but it
was obviously impossible to permit them to appear in
a legal deed as if part of a bargain. The officials and
gentry, however, declared their intention to give effect
to the suggestions independently, and in that way they
will be a most fitting and graceful acknowledgment.
The document was copied out during the night, and
signed at five o'clock the following morning at T'ai-
yiian-fu station, as Dr. Richard was waiting to meet
the weekly express to Hankow. The agreement pro-
vided, inter alia—{l) for the transfer and acceptance
of all Dr. Richard's responsibilities; and (2) for the
Continuance of the Institution in perpetuity as a
University, and not merely as a High School.

The North China Daily Herald, commenting on the
position arrived at, bore the following eloquent testi-
mony: —

" That the University has fulfilled the object for
which it was brought into existence, as far as the
restrictions placed upon it would allow, is patent to
all who know its history. It was the noble, Christ-like
idea of a generous soul, the Church's monument of
forgiveness for cruel wrong, a right-hand of fellowship
offered by the West to China, a centre of enlighten-
ment in a backward Province, and an impetus to
inquiry amongst a prejudiced people.

" Students of the University have staffed the schools
of T'ai-yiian-fu and of the Province, and if the officials
and gentry are supported by the Board of Education, it
will, in their hands, become a power for the still greater
advancement of the vast resources, material and intel-
lectual, of Shansi."

The results of the University's work to date are in
the highest degree creditable. There are two Courses
— Preparatory and Post-graduate. The Preparatory
Course is declared to be such as would satisfy the

148

The Present Day

requirements of the London University Matriculation.
Three hundred and forty-five students have been under
instruction. Of these, 252 had successfully graduated
up to the autumn of 1910, and upon 139 of them the
degree of chu jen had been imperially conferred.
Nearly one hundred of them are now taking a four-
years' Post-graduate Course in Law under Professor
Bevan, in Advanced Chemistry under Professor
Nystrom, in Mining under Professor Williams, and
in Civil Engineering under Professor Aust, with a
view to the chin seu examination. Some sixty more
in the Preparatory Department graduated in the spring,
of 1911.

The journal quoted above, in further review of the
University's career, observed : —

" Seven months after the agreement for the founding
of the University had been signed and ratified, the
Empress-Dowager put out her famous Edict revolu-
tionising the entire educational system of the Empire,
and this naturally involved the establishment of a
College in Shansi similar to that proposed by Dr.
Richard. This was avoided, under Imperial rescript,
by the amalgamation of the two, so that the College
begun by Dr. Richard and Dr. Duncan became the
Western Department of the Shansi University.

" Dr. Richard felt then, as he still feels, that a
University which ignores the moral and spiritual needs
of its students is only fulfilling half its function. Con-
sequently, he sought permission for the introduction of
a course of broad-minded lectures on Comparative
Morals and Religion. As might be expected of officials
who were jealous lest a larger luminary should , dim
their own, Governor Ts'en. would have none of the
proposal, and so — though ultimately moral and religious
teaching were not expressly excluded by the terms of
the contract — it seemed more in accordance wi,th right
reason to give the half that would be cordially received,
trusting to the resulting enlightenment for the develop-
ment of a spirit of inquiry and mutual confidence that

149

Timothy Richard, D.D.

would some day bring about a sympathetic understand-
ing of the missionary's reason for coming to China. . . .

" Nine years have elapsed since the University was
founded ; and that the spirit shown by the heads of the
College and work done by its Professors have been
highly appreciated ; and, moreover, that the University
has in no small measure helped to bring about a better
understanding between the people of Shansi and people
from the West, was made remarkably manifest by the
reception given to Dr. Richard. It was a surprise and
a delight to all who shared it. Whatever the future
may bring forth, the Province has most gracefully
acknowledged its past indebtedness to Dr. Richard and
his colleagues."

The twenty-third Report of the Christian Literature
Society, issued in the autumn of 1910, indicates that
the inauguration of representative government has
brought to the fore the leading men in each Province,
to whom, by means of the new postal system, literature
can now be freely sent ; while the new schools and
Colleges are breaking up the stagnation of thought and
causing the students to seek for the best and truest
things the West has to offer. A noteworthy illustra-
tion of the Society's influence is afforded by the
distribution of 277,000 posters giving facts about
Halley's Comet, which revolutionaries alleged to be a
warning of dynastic changes. During the year the
Society published thirty new books, making 47,000
copies. Twenty-four of the Society's books were
reprinted during the year, to meet the increasing demand.
In addition to these books, the Chinese Christian
Review and the Ta Tung Pao have a wide circulation.
The Society has inaugurated a series of China Mission
Year-Books, the first of which, under the editorship of
Dr. MacGillivray, was published in October, 1910. The
missionaries in Japan had possessed such a volume
for eight years, and the China hand-book has met a
great need. It is a substantial one of thirty chapters,
with appendices and a Missionary Directory.

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The Present Day

The view of Dr. John R. Mott as to the immense
future of China, and his testimony to the place of the
Christian Literature Society in fashioning the newly-
created life, are deserving of the attention which we
are accustomed to pay to all his utterances. He says : —

" Of all the non-Christian " lands which I have
visited, China has impressed me as the greatest —
greatest not so much because of its antiquity, its
numbers, its difficulties, but greatest in the strength
and possibilities of its people. The Chinese have
at last awakened and turned from the past, and are
determined to adopt Western civilisation. Few people
have come to realise that we shall see reproduced in
China on a colossal scale during the next fifteen years
what has actually taken place in Japan in the last
forty years. The significant fact is that China is still
plastic, but will soon become set or fixed. The great
question for the West is : Shall China set in Christian,
or in Pagan, or materialistic moulds? In my judg-
ment the Christian Literature Society for China, with
the good work of which I have long been familiar, is
one of a few agencies which are in a position to do
much to answer that question in the only right way.
To this end, its operations should be at once greatly
enlarged, and its resources augmented."

In the words of the late Rev. J. Cumming Brown,
Hon.. Secretary to the Society in England : " The
regeneration of China will be the greatest triumph
which Christianity has known since the first Apostles
of the Crucified passed through the gates of Jerusalem
with their faces toward the west. Blessed are the
men who have a share in it. I envy them."

As to the emphasis naturally laid by Dr. Richard
upon that particular agency to which his own most
vigorous powers have been devoted, it must be observed
that he is "a man with one idea" — though it has
several branches — and that he cannot escape the
inevitable limitations of that position. It is possible
for us, however, to recognise fully the claims such a

151

Timothy Richard, D.D.

work possesses, and gratefully to acknowledge the
service it has rendered, without in any sense depreciat-
ing the evangelistic, the medical, and other special forms
of effort. Indeed, it will be the truest thing to say,
" These ought ye to have done, and not to leave the
other undone."

Of Dr. Richard's general views regarding Mission
work, the reader will, I hope, by this time have obtained
a reliable impression, and many questions will doubtless
have been stirred in the mind, for universal agreement
is scarcely to be expected. Some other of his observa-
tions and criticisms may conveniently be given ere this
attempted delineation of a striking personality is
concluded.

''After the study of Chinese civilisation as a whole,
I gradually made two startling discoveries. One was
that there was a Providential ^order among the Chinese
as well as among the Jews and Christians. God had
not left them in ignorance till now. He is the Saviour
as well as the Creator of the world. It is He and not
Missionary Societies who inspires men for this end.
God's first missionaries to China were the ancient sages
who taught benevolence, righteousness, propriety,
knowledge, and faithfulness. God's next band of
missionaries were the best from India, who taught
the new Buddhism of faith in God and salvation of
their fellowmen. Instead of finding all the mandarins
monsters of unrighteousness, we found, many of them
as much the ministers of God as any of the mission-
aries, fully deserving the description given by St. Paul.

"The other discovery was that the bad results of
unsound teaching were to be seen in the condition of
nations in this world, without having to wait till death
before seeing hell. The judgment of God is going on
in this world now. Righteousness exalteth a nation.
The nation that will not serve God shall utterly perish.
From the time that China abandoned the idea of the
Fathierhood of God and the Brotherhood of Nations it
has degenerated. In its ignorance it has allowed the

152

Timothy Richard, D.D.

people to multiply without providing a corresponding
increase in tte means of support, with the result that
it has become impoverished and weakened, so that
instead of being one of the leading nations of the
world, many smaller nations to-day are far ahead of it.

" Still, when the civilisation of the world, as a whole,
is studied, and we observe the awful curse of militarism,
of monopolies in land, of trusts oppressing the poor, so
that more than a tithe of them are forced to excessive
toil and slow starvation, the preachers of the King-
dom of God will find in the teaching of the sages
of China their best allies in establishing law and
order, and in delivering men from poverty and
oppression."

He continues : " The great famine relief in Shantung
and in Shansi threw me much into contact with the
Chinese mandarins, high and low. Then it was that
I discovered the nobility of character shown by many
of them, and I felt it was my duty to make known the
Glad Tidings of our Gospel to them first of all, as Paul
did to rulers and to the chiefs of the synagogues, and
as the prophets did in their days. Thus began a great
deal of social intercourse between myself and wife and
the families of the mandarins. This was another new
departure in Mission work, on the same line as that
which introduced Christianity into Northern Europe.
Dr. Gilbert Reid decided to follow on these lines. In
spite of much opposition he has shown unparalleled
perseverance in the continuance of this line of action.
My beloved colleague, Alfred G. Jones, of our own
Mission, thoroughly approved of my work from the
beginning. Dr. Arthur Smith was among the first to
encourage us in such work. Dr. Reid and myself
co-operated for some tijne during the first Reform
movement in Peking in 1895-96. Later on, missionaries
in other Provinces began to follow the same method,
and when done tactfully it has always proved of great
value, immensely increasing the influence of the
missionary. Thus the missionary heresies of twenty-

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The Present Day

five years ago [this was written in 1906] are fast
becoming the orthodoxies of to-day. The thought of
the world is moving on, though slowly.

"After much pioneering experience among the
mandarins and the educated classes, there arose a
difference of views amongst missionaries as regarded
the best means of meeting China's needs. While
many cried for more missionaries — even to doubling
our present number — a cry of ' more and more,'
insatiable as the leech — others felt that quality and
not quantity was most needed, especially as we had
seen it amply demonstrated that the same number of
missionaries could be made tenfold more efficient.
The cheaper missionaries were not those who had the
smallest salaries, but those who had enough salaries to
buy sufficient libraries and appairatus for efficiency in
their work, and who, with equal devotion but with
superior knowledge, were able to produce tenfold the
results of the so-called ' cheap missionaries,' who have
been so widely advertised at the expense of the efficient
missionaries. By their fruit ye shall know them.
Hence we earnestly plead for a true Science of Missions."

On the territorial system in Missions Dr. Richard
writes : — " Finding that there were a thousand
counties in China where none were at work, while in
others there were several opposition Churches estab-
lished by different Missions, and that some travelled
400 miles, which took a fortnight's time to go
and a fortnight to return, in order to look after some
half a dozen converts of theirs, while another Mission
lived within half a day's journey of these half a dozen
Christians, I was grieved to see such eagerness to
claim the few converts at this enormous expense of
time and money, rather than entrust them to the care
of the nearest Mission. I wrote an article on the folly
and the unchristian spirit of such a course, and
proposed that we should divide the counties of a Province
between the Missions at work there, so that all the
Christians in one county should be under one Mission,

155

Timothy Richard, D.D.

so as to prevent overlapping and starting opposition
churches and schools ; while the work in the central
cities, where two or more Missions resided, should have
joint schools, joint colleges, and joint hospitals, in order
to increase the efficiency and economy of the work.
An American Presbyterian niissionary in Shantung
replied that he would bring the subject of division of
the field and united central work up at each presbytery
so long as he lived. Each time he won new adherents
to the cause of charity and common sense, and the
result was that twenty years ago we agreed to divide the
field, and now we have a united Protestant University
consistingof English Baptistsand American Presbyterians
workingas one Missionin Shantung,not to mention earlier
unions in Amoy and later ones in Canton and Peking.

" In most of the Missions the spirit ot denomina-
tionalism died hard. A model of Christian breadth and
charity was shown by the good Bishop George Moule of
Mid-China. The grand work first of Moody and Sankey,
and afterwards of the Christian Endeavour Societies
and the Student Volunteer Movement, greatly helped
union and co-operation in China."

The Rev. W. Gilbert Walshe, now Secretary in
England of the Christian Literature Society, has placed
me greatly in his debt by contributing a very striking
" Character Study " of Dr. Richard for the purpose of
this volume. He writes :^^

" The quality of faithfulness is as essential in
portraiture as it is in stewardship, and the process of
' touching-up,' though inspired by the kindliest
motives, is sometimes attended by the danger of
' improving * the likeness to the extent of obliterating
the personality. Statuary or alto-rilievo have this
advantage over painting — that the profils is presented
to view as well as the fa9ade, and the beholder is
given an opportunity of discovering the other side of
the subject. In the delineation of character it is also
advisable to remember that in every personality there
is a duality, for without this proviso, the representa-

156

The Present Day

tion will be inevitably flat and one-sided, without
fulness of detail or roundness of outline.

" Anyone seeking to convey an impression of Timothy
Richard is peculiarly liable in this respect, for the
personality which he thus attempts to depict is a
remarkable blending of shrinking modesty and vaulting
ambition, of benignity of expression interrupted by
occasional flashes of flaming indignation ; of self-
abnegation approximating to servility, combined with
a restlessness of contradiction and an indomitable
self-will. Dr. Richard's ambitions are, however, wholly
laudable, his chief anxiety being to render the greatest
service to the greatest cause — ready to help in any
capacity, yet desirous of concentrating his powers upon
the really strategic positions. His seeming ambition
amounts to this, that he wishes to serve all, but is
conscious that he can only do so by serving the few —
i.e., those in the highest places of authority and dignity.
Though deferential almost to a fault, he does not
hesitate to claim a share even in the Imperial councils,
and in the conduct of world-politics, because so deeply
conscious of a burden which he must discharge, a
vision which he must interpret. It is the very sincerity
of his humility which enables him to entertain such
high purpose without the slightest suspicion of self-
consciousness, or thought of self-aggrandisement.

" The ' Small man,' to quote a familiar Chinese
expression, is constantly haunted by the fear that his
actions may be misjudged, and he prefers to adopt a
laissez-faire attitude rather than expose himself to
carping' criticism, but there is nothing small about
Timothy Richard — his massive frame and equally
massive intellect ; his broad and catholic sympathies ;
his contempt of pettifogging methods and narrow
horizons; his open-handed generosity and beaming
good-nature, all proclaim the ' Gentleman,' or ' Princely
Man,' of whom Confucius loved to speak. His righteous
anger is only evoked when cases of oppression, of in-
humanity, of uncharitableness are recited ; then the

157

Timothy Richard, D.D.

Celtic fire is kindled to a glow, and the erstwhile
Moses is transformed into a seeming Elijah. His
apparent inability to submit to ordinary trammels, or
to share a yoke, is the result of a profound conviction
of personal leading in the path of duty, and an over-
whelming sense of divine direction. In things in-
different no man could be more amenable to kindly
suggestion, but when principle seems to be involved,
and great issues imperilled, no Peter could be more
adamantine than he.

" Dr. Richard is seen at his best when, in congenial
society, he is induced to draw upon the treasury of his
unique experiences in China, his wide itinerations in
unfamiliar places, his intercourse with all classes of the.^
people, his painful labours amid scenes of famine and
distress, his friendship with the young Reformers, his
studies in many bypaths of Chinese literature and
folk-lore, his visions of the new China that is to
emerge, Phoenix-like, from the burning embers of the
old by the painful process of self-immolation. It is
not easy, however, to find him in the humour for such
reminiscences, the past is not so attractive to him as
is the prospect of the future, and there are scenes and
sensations which the retrospect reawakens which are
all too painful for reproduction. He is in his element
also when conversing on familiar terms with Chinese
gentry and officials. He does not always shine when
confronted by a strange audience; the fact that his
knowledge of English was a comparatively late
acquisition, and that his Chinese is a somewhat harsh
dialect of Northern ' Mandarin ' handicaps him rather
heavily in addressing public gatherings in England or
in China, and so great is the burden of his message,
so charged is his mind with the wealth of ideas which
present themselves, that he is often hampered by the
very 'embarrassment of riches' which congest the
avenues of expression, and leave him sometimes speech-
less by the superabundance of material.

" Amongst the weaknesses to which he is exposed by

158

The Present Day

the eccentricities of genius there is one which, like the
others, is nearly related to virtue, namely, his absolute
inability to refrain from work even when physical
disability threatens to bring a swift Nemesis upon him.
Whatever his engagements may be, he is always
absorbed in tasks directly germane or totally unrelated
to the question of the moment. The larger issues are
never overlooked, and though his attention may be
peremptorily demanded in the matter of, say, the
publication of a new volume of Christian Evidences, he
yet finds room in heart and brain for some great scheme
for the abolition of war, or a radical cure for ' plague,
pestilence, and famine ' ; for in these matters he is an
invincible optimist ; nothing will disabuse his mind of
the persuasion that the acceptance of Christian ideals
must result in a reign of peace, and that physical
science will ultimately triumph over the most deep-
rooted evils of our time. He has his seasons of
depression, it may be admitted, for occasional falls from
these giddy heights cannot but result in rude shocks
by the impact of the hard, dull earth, but his capacity for
flying, a favourite study of his by the way, enables him
to gather fresh momentum by the very fact of such con-
cussion, and a loftier flight is the natural consequence.
" Like the majority of his kind the seer is sometimes
scofied at by the multitude ; his dreams are often
regarded with a pitying condescension, but, to continue
the parallel, he occasionally has the satisfaction of
seeing his surmisings become concrete realities, and a
recent illustration may be furnished by the Arbitration
Treaty now under consideration between Great Britain
and the United States, which is an initial step towards
the realisation of his own greater scheme of a ' League
of Princes,' and ' Parliament of Man.' Those who know
him best, and who, for that very reason, love him most,
will fervently join in the prayer that the prophet may
have that highest prophetic joy, which John the Baptist,
the last and greatest of the prophets shared, by seeing
his visions realised, and the Kingdom of God becoming

159

Timothy Richard, D.D.

established extensively and intensively, in the great
Empire of China, and in the hearts of men universally."

Dr. Kichard's favourite and constantly reiterated
phrase wherein, to convey the ultimate purpose of his
work is " Conversion by the Million." The expression
is that of the seer, and may perchance bewilder the
ordinary mind. It would seem also to demand some
explanation in view of the general work of the Christian
Literature Society. While many of the Society's
publications are wholly spiritual, others, as the titles
quoted in an earlier chapter indicate, are of a broader
character, serving to inspire rulers with Christian ideals,
to permeate national institutions with the Christian
spirit, and to leaven the masses with Christian principles.
It is this — a very necessary, valuable, and successful
undertaking, let it be distinctly said — rather than
" Conversion " in the Evangelical sense, which is trans-
piring at present as the outcome of this particular side
of the work. Yet even such portion of the enterprise
is designed by its promoters to be preparatory to a
great ingathering of a truly spiritual harvest, by repre-
senting Jesus Christ as the supreme need of men and
nations, and bringing the witness of history to bear
upon this truth. In Dr. Richard's own words : —

"Gpd's best teaching to the world from Moses to
John — a period of 1600 years — is contained in the
ancient Bible inspired by God's Holy Spirit. After
the discovery of the art of printing its wide circulation
largely regenerated Christendom in one generation.

" God's best teaching from John till now — a period
of 1800 years — is contained in the Modern Bible inspired
by the same Holy Spirit. When the Modern Bible as
well as the Ancient one shall be fully and widely circu-
lated, the regeneration not only of Christendom, but of
the whole world, will be possible within one generation.

" God's Holy Spirit was promised by our Saviour to
guide us into all truth. He is Life, Light, and Love.
When we accept all His teaching, then conversions will
take place by the million ! "

LOKXMSR AND CHALMEKis, f KINTERS, EDINBURGH.

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Scenes, with appropriate texts. Mounted on Roller for Hanging.
Bible Picture Roll. Contains a large Engraving of a Scripture

Subject, with letterpress for each day in the month. Mounted on

Roller for hanging.
The Story of Jesus. For Little Children. By Mrs. G. E.

Morton. Large 8vo. 340 pages. Eight pictures in best style of

colour-work, and many other Illustrations. Handsomely bound

in cloth hoards.

Love, Courtship, and Marriage. By Rev. F. B. Meyer, B.A.

Crown 8vo. 152 pages. EmbeUiahcd cloth cover, 2S. net.

12 Catalogue of Books Published

Is. 6d. each.

Tke Up-to-Date Library

0/ Thick Crown 8vo. Volumes, 320 pages. Many Illustrations.
Cloth Boards.

(Books marked with an asterisk are also bound with gilt edges, 2S. each.)

One of the Tenth. A Tale of the Royal Hussars. By William

Johnston. , i

Wardiaugh ; or, Workers Together. By Charlotte Murray.
More than Money ! By A. St. John Adcock.

Norman's Nugget. By Macdonald Oxley.

A Desert Scout : A Tale of Arabics Revolt. By Wm. Johnston.

The Red Mountain of Alaska. By Willis Boyd Allen.

Coral ; A Sea Waif and Her Friends. By Charlotte Murray.

The Scuttling of the "Kingfisher." By Alfred E. Knight.

Robert Aske : A Story of the Reformation. By E. F. Pollard.

The Lion City of Africa. By WiUis Boyd Allen.

The Spanish Maiden : A Story of Brazil. By Emma E. Horni-
brook.
*The BOy from Cuba. A School Story. By Walter Rhoades.

Through Grey to Gold. By Charlotte Murray.

The Wreck of the Providence. By E. F. Pollard.
♦Dorothy's Training. By Jennie Chappell.

Manco, the Peruvian Chief. By W. H. G. Kingston.
*Muriel Malone ; or, From Door to Door. By Charlotte Murray.

A Polar Eden. By Charles R. Kenyon.

Her Saddest Blessing. By Jennie Chappell.

A Trio of Cousins : A Story of English Life in 1791. By Mrs.
G. E. Morton.

Mick Tracy, the Irish Scripture Reader.

Grace Ashleigh. By Mary R. D. Boyd.

Without a Thought ; or Dora's Discipline. By Jennie Chappell.

Edith Oswald ; or. Living for Others. By Jane M. Kippen.

A Bunch of Cherries. By J. W. Kirton.

A Village Story. By Mrs. G. E. Morton.

Eric Strong: Not Forgetting his Sisters. Bright and Original
Talks to Boys and Girls, l^y Rev. Thos. Phillipb, B A., of Uluonis-
buiy Central Church, London. With autograph portrait.

By S. W. Partridge & Co., Ltd. 13

Is. 6d. each (confimied).

THE UP-TO-nATE LIBRARY {continued).

*The Eagle Cliff. By R. M. Ballantyne.

More Precious than Gold. By Jennie Chappell.

The Slave Raiders of Zanzibar. By E. Harcourt Burrage.
*Avice. A Story of Imperial Rome. By E. F. Pollard.

The King's Daughter. By " Pansy."

The Foster Brothers ; or, Foreshadowed. By Mrs. Morton.

The Household Angel. By Madeline Leslie.

A Way in the Wilderness. By Maggie Swan.

Miss Elizabeth's Niece. By M. S. Haycroft.

The Man of the House. By " Pansy."

Olive Chauncey's Trust : A Story of Life's Turning Points.
By Mrs. E. R. Pitman.

Three People. By " Pansy."

Chrissy's Endeavour. By " Pansy."

*The Young Moose Hunters. By C. A. Stephens.

Eaglehurst Towers. By Emma Marshall.

Uncle Mac, the Missionary. By Jean Perry. Six Illustrations
by Wal. Paget on art paper. Cloth boards.

Chilgoopie the Glad : a Story of Korea and her Children. By
Jean Perry. Eight Illustrations on art paper. Cloth boards.

The Man in Grey ; or, More about Korea. By Jean Perry.

More Nails for Busy Workers. By C. Edwards. Crown 8vo.

196 pages. Cloth boards.

Queen Alexandra ; the Nation's Pride. By Mrs. C. N.

Williamson. Crown 8vo. Tastefully bound, is. 6d. net.

William McKinley: Private and President. By Thos. Cox
Meech. Crown Svo. i6o pages, with Portrait, is. 6d. net.

Studies of the Man Christ Jesus. His Character, His Spirit,
Himself. By R. E. Speer. Cloth, Gilt top. is. 6d. net.

Studies of the Man Paul. By Robert E. Speer. Long 8vo.
304 pages. Cloth gilt. is. 6d. net.

Wellington : the Record of a Great Military Career. By A. E.
Knight. Crown 8vo. Cloth gilt, with Portrait, is. 6d. net.

James Flanagan : The Story of a Remarkable Career. By
Dennis Crane. Fully Illustrated. Cloth boards, is. 6d. net.

14 Catalogue of Books Published

Is. 6d. each (continued).
The British 'Boys' Library.

Fully Illustrated. Crown Svo. 168 pages. Cloth extra.

The Crew of the Rectory. By M. B. Manwell.

The King's Scouts. By William R. A. Wilson.

General John : A Story for Boy Scouts. By Evelyn Everett-
Green.

Dick's Daring ; or, The Secret of Toulon. By A. H. Biggs.

Through Flame and Flood. Stories of Heroism on Land and
Sea. By C. D. Michael.

Never Beaten ! A Story of a Boy's Adventures in Canada.
By E. Harcourt Burrage, Author o£ " Gerard Mastyn," etc.

Noble Deeds : stories of Peril and Heroism. Edited by C. D.'
Michael.

Armour Bright. The Story of a Boy's Battles. By Lucy
Taylor.

The Adventures of Ji. By G. E. Farrow, Author of "The

Wallypug of Why."

Missionary Heroes: stories ofHeroism on the Missionary Field.
By C. D. Michael.

Brown A 1 ; or, A Stolen Holiday. By E. M. Stooke.

The Pigeons' Cave : A Story of Great Orme's Head in i8o6.
By J. S. Fletcher.

Robin the Rebel. By H. Louisa Bedford.

Success : Chats about Boys who have Won it. By C. D. Michael.

Well Done 1 Stories of Brave Endeavour. Edited by C. D.
Michael.

By S. W. Partridge & Co., Lid. 15

is. DQ. 63,Cn (continued).
The British Girls Library.

FiUly Illustrated. Crown 8vo. 160 pages. Cloth extra.

The Little Heroine. By Brenda Girvin.

Alison's Quest; or, The Mysterious Treasure. By Florence E.
Bone.

A Mysterious Voyage; or, The Adventures of a Dodo. By
G. E. Farrow.

Little Gladwise. The Story of a Waif. By Nellie Cornwall.

A Family of Nine ! By E. C. Phillips.

Alice and the White Rabbit : Their Trips Round about London.
By Brenda Girvin.

The Tender Light of Home. By Florence Wilmot.

Friendless Felicia: or, A Little City Sparrow. By Eleanora
H. Stooke.

Keziah in Search of a Friend. By Noel Hope.

Rosa's. Mistake ; or, The Chord of Self. By Mary Bradford-
Whiting.

Zillah, the Little Dancing Girl. By Mrs. Hugh St. Leger.

Salome's Burden ; or. The Shadow on the Home. By Eleanora
H. Stooke.

Granny's Girls. By M. B. Manwell.

The Gipsy Queen. By Emma Leslie,

!Ficture 'Books.

Si^l, 'OJ X 8 inches. With 6 charming coloured plates, and beaiiti fully

printed in colours throughout. For bulk and quality these boohs are

exceptional. Hattdsome coloured covers, with cloth bachs. U-pd. each,

Happy all Day h
Follow my Leader!

i5 Catalogue of Books Published

Is. 6d. each (continued).

Popular ^Missionary Biographies.

Large Crown 8vo . 160 pages. Cloth extra. Fully Illustrated.

J. G. Paton : The Man and His Mission. By C. D. Michael.

Timothy Richard, D.D., the Apostle of Literature in China.
By Rev. B. Reeve.

John Selwyn : The Pioneer Bishop of New Zealand. By Franlt
W. Boreham.

James Hannington : Bishop and Martyr. By C. D. Michael.

Two Lady Missionaries in Tibet : Miss Annie R. Taylor and

Dr. Susie Rijnhart Moyes. By Isabel S. Robson.

Dr. Laws of Livingstonia. By Rev. J. Johnston.

Grenfeil of Labrador. By Rev. J. Johnston.

Johan G. Oncken : His Life and Work. By Rev. j. Hunt Cooke.

James Chalmers, Missionary and Explorer of Rarotonga and
New Guinea. By William Robson.

Griffith John, Founder of the Hankow Mission, Central China.
By William Robson.

Robert Morrison : The Pioneer of Chinese Missions. By William
J. Townsend.

Captain Allen Gardiner : Sailor and Saint. By Jesse Page.

The Congo for Christ : The Story of the Congo Mission. By
Rev. J. B. Myers.

David Brainerd, the Apostle to the North-American Indian?.
By Jesse Page, F.R.G.S.

David Livingstone. By Arthur Montefiore-Brice.

John Williams : The Martyr Missionary of Polynesia. By Rev.
James Ellis.

Lady Missionaries in Foreign Lands. By Mrs. E. R. Pitman.
Missionary Heroines in Eastern Lands. By Mrs. E. R. Pitman.

Robert Moffat : The Missionary Hero of Kuruman. By David
J. Deane.

By S. W. Partridge & Co., Ltd. 17

IS. DQ. 63.cn {continued).

POPULAR MISSIONARY BIOGRAPHIES (cotilinued) .

Samuel Crowther : The Slave Boy who became Bishop of the
Niger. By Jesse Page, F.R.G.S.

William Carey : The Shoemaker who became the Father and
Founder ui Modern Missions. By Rev. J. B. Myers.

From Kafir Kraal to Pulpit : The Story of Tiyo Soga, First
Ordained Preacher of the Kafir Race. By Rev. H. T. Cousins.

Japan : and its People. By Jesse Page, F.R.G.S.

James Calvert ; or, From Dark to Dawn in Fiji. By R. Vernon.

Thomas J. Comber : Missionary Pioneer to the Congo. By
Rev. J. B. Myers.

The Christianity of the Continent. By Jesse Page, F.R.G.S.
Missionaries I have Met, and the Work they have Done.

By Jesse Page, F.R.G S.
Bishop Patteson : The Martyr of Melanesia. By same Author.
John Wesley. By Rev. Arthur Walters.

Popular Biographies.

Large Crown 8vo. Cloth Boards. Fully Illustrated.

Women of Worth. Sketches of the Li\e3 of the Queen of
Roamania (" Carmen Sylva"), Frances Power Cobbe, Mrs. J. R.
Bishop, and Mrs. Bramwell Booth. By Jennie Chappell.

Women who have Worked and Won. The Life Story of

Mrs. Spurgeon, Mrs. Booth-Tucker, F. R. Havergal, and Ramabai.
By Jennie Chappell. ,

Noble Work by Noble Women : Sketches of the Lives of the

Baroness Burdett-Coutts, Lady Henry Somerset, Mrs. Sarah Rob-
inson, Mrs. Fawcett, and Mrs. Gladstone. By Jennie Chappell.

Four Noble Women and their Work: Sketches ofthe Life and
Work of Frances Willard, Agnes Weston, Sister Dora, and Catherine
Booth. By Jennie Chappell.

Florence Nightingale : The Wounded Soldier's Friend. By

Eliza F. PoUariJ.

1 8 Caiaiogue oj ^oons ruoLisned

Is. vDCl. 63.cn {continued).

POPULAR BIOGRAPHIES {continued).

Four Heroes of India. dive, Warren Hastings, Havelock,
Lawrence. By F. M. Holmes.

General Gordon : The Christian Soldier and Hero. By G.
Barnett Smith.

C. H. Spurgeon : His Life and Ministry. By Jesse Page, F.R.G.S.

Two Noble Lives : John WicUffe, the Morning Star of the
Reformation ; and Martin Luther, the Reformer. By David J.
Deane. 208 pages.

George Miiller : The Modern Apostle of Faith. By Fred G.

Warne.

Life-Story of Ira D. Sankey, The Singing Evangelist. By
David Williamson.

Great Evangelists, and the Way God has Used Them.

By Jesse Page.

John Bright : Apostle of Free Trade. By Jesse Page, F.R.G.S.

The Two Stephensons. By John Alexander.

J. Passmore Edwards : Philanthropist. By E. Harcourt Barrage.

1 Dwight L. Moody : The Life-work of a Modern Evangelist. By
Rev. J. H. Batt.

Heroes and Heroines of the Scottish Cqvenanters. By

J. Meldrum Dryerre, LL.B., F.R G.S.

John Knox and the Scottish Reformation, By G. Barnett

Smith.

Philip Melancthon : The Wittemberg Professor and Theologian'
of the Reformation. By David J. Deane.

The Slave and His Champions : Sketches of Granville Sharp,

Thomas Clarkson, William Wilberforce, and Sir T. F. Buxton.
By C. D. Michael.

The Marquess of Salisbury : Has Inherited Characteristics,

Political Principles, and Personality. By W. F. Aitken. '

Joseph Patker, D.D. : His Life and Ministry. By Albert
Dawson.

Hugh Price Hughes. By Rev. J. Gregory Mantle.

R. J. Campbell, M.A. ; Minister of the City Temple, London.
By Charles T. Bateman.

Dr. Barnardo : "The Foster-Father pf Nobody's Children," gy
l^^v. J. H. Bant. ~ ■ .'

By S. W. Partridge & Co., Ltd ig

Is. 6d. each {continued).
POPULAR BIOGRAPHIES {continue^}.

W. Robertson Nicoll, LL.D. ; Editor and Preacher. By Jane

Stoddart. ,

F. B. Meyer : His Life and Work. By M. Jennie Street.
John Clifford, M.A., B.Sc, LL.D., D.D. By Chas. T. Bateman.

Thirty Years in the East End. A Marvellous Story of Mission

Wdrk. By W. Francis Aitken.
Alexander Maclaren, D.D. : The Man and His Message. By

Rev. John C. Carlile.

Lord Milner.. By W. B. Luke.

Lord Rosebery, Imperialist. By J. A. Hammerton.

Joseph Chamberlain : A Romance of Modern Politics. By
Arthur Mee.

Is. each.

The Chief Scout : The Life of Lieut.-Gen. Sir Robert Baden-
Powell. By W. Francis Aitken,

Letters on the Simple Life. By the Queen of Roumania, Marie
Corelli, Madame Sarah Grand, "John Oliver Hobbes," Sir A
Conan Doyle, The Bishop of London, Canon Hensley Hensim,
Sir, J. Crichton BroWne, Rfv. S. Baring-Gould, Dr. Robertson
Nicoll, etc. Crown 8vo. i6u pages. With Autographs of con-
tributors in fac-simile. Imitation Linen, 6d. net. Cloth boards,
is.net. (Not illustrated).

Golden Words for, Every Day. By M. Jennie Street, is.
Novelties, and How to Make Them: Hints and Helps-

in providing occupation for Children's Classes. Compiled by
Mildred Duff. Full of Illustrations. Cloth boards, is.
In Defence of the Faith : The Old Better than the New.
By Rev. F. B. Meyer. Cloth Boards, is. net.

Ingatherings r A Dainty Book of Beautiful Thoughts. Compiled
by E. Agar. Cloth boards, is. net. Paper covers, 6d. net.

The New Cookery of Unproprietary Foods. By Eustace
Miles, M.A. 192 pages, is. net.

Nursing as a Profession. A helpful book to those about to
enter it IS. net:

20 Catalogue of Books PubUshed

Is. G3.cn [conimued).

Books for Christian Workers.

Large Crovm 16mo. 128 pages. Chastely bound in Cloth Boards. 1s. each.

The Home Messages of Jesus. By Charlotte Skinner.

Deeper Yet : Meditations for the Quiet Hour. By Clarence E.
Eberman.

The Master's Messages to Women., . By Charlotte Skinner.

Royal and Loyal. Thoughts on the Two-fold Aspect of the
Christian Life. By Rev. W. H. Griffith-Thomas.

Thoroughness : Talks to Young Men. By Thain Davidson, D.D.

The Overcoming Life. By Rev. E. W. Moore.

Marks of the Master. By Charlotte Skinner.

Some Deeper Things. By Rev. F. B. Meyer.

steps to the Blessed Life. By Rev. F. B. Meyer.

Daybreak in the Soul. By Rev. E. W. Moore.

The Temptation of Christ. By C. Arnold Healing, M.A.

For Love's Sake. By Charlotte Skinner.

One Shilling 'Reward Books.

Fully Illustrated. Crown 8vo. Cloth extra.

Crackers. The Story of a Little Monkey. By May Wynne.

Tommy and the Owl. By Evelyn Everett-Green.

A Fair Reward, The Story of a Prize. By Jennie Chappell.

Jeffs' Charge : A Story of London Life. By Charles Herbert.

The Making of Ursula. By Dorothea Moore.

Jimmy : The Tale of a Little Black Bear. By May Wynne.

"Tubby"; or. Right about Face. By J. Howard Brown.

Alan's Puzzle ; or, The Bag of Gold. By F. M. Holmes.

Auntie Amy's Bird Book. By A. M. Irvine.

The Ivory Mouse : A Book of Fairy Stories. By Rev. Stanhope

E. Ward.
Billy's Hero; or, The Valley of Gold. A Story of Canadian

Adventure. By Marjorie L. C. Pickthall.

Jhe Straight Road. By Marjorie L- C. pickthall.

By S. W. Partridge & Co., Ltd. 21

Is. G3.Cri [continued).
ONE SHILLING REWARD BOOKS [continued).

One Primrose Day. By Mrs. Hugh St. Leger.

The Reign of Lady Betty. By Kent Carr.

The Whitedown Chums. By Jas. H. Brown.

Sweet Nancy. By L. T. Meade.

Little Chris the Castaway. By F. Spenser.

All Play and No Work. By Harold Avery.

Always Happy; or, The Story of Helen Keller. By Jennie
Chappell.

Cola Monti ; or, The Story of a Genius. By Mrs. Craik.

Harold ; or, Two Died for Me. By Laura A. Barter- Snow.

Indian Life in the Great North-West. By Egerton R.Young.

Jack the Conqueror; or. Difficulties Overcome. By
Mrs. C. E. Bowen.

Lost in the Backwoods. By Edith C. Kenyon.
The Little Woodman and his Dog Caesar. By Mrs. Sherwood.
' Roy's Sister ; or, His Way and Hers. By M. B. Manwell.

George & Co. ; or, The Chorister of St. Anselm's. By Spencer

T. Gibb.
Ruth's Roses. By Laura A. Barter-Snow.
Bessie Drew ; or, The Odd Little Girl. By Amy Manifold.
Norman's Oak. By Jennie Chappell.
A Fight for Life, and other Stories. By John R. Newman.
The Fairyland of Nature. By J. Wood Smith.
True Stories of Brave Deeds. By Mabel Bowler.

Gipsy Kit; or, The Man with the Tattooed Face. By Robert

Leigh ton.
Dick's Desertion; A Boys Adventures in Canadian Forests.

By Marjorie L. C. Pickthall.

Thp Children of the Priory. By J. L. Hornibrook.
'Pets and their Wild Cousins : New and True Stories of

Animals. By Rev. J. Isabell, F.E.S.

Other Pets and their Wild Cousins. By Rev. J. Isabell F E.S.
Sunshine and Snow. By Harold Bindloss.
Donalblane of Darien. By J. Macdonald 0.xley.
Crown Jewels. By Heather Grey.

22 Catalogue- of Books Published

Is. G3.cn (continued).

Nature Subjects. By T. Carreras.

Copiously illustrated by Drawings and Photographs from Nature, by the
Author, and with Coloiired Plate.

The Pond.
The Wood.
The Hedge.
The Meadow.

t Four books, is. each.

Partridge's Shilling Library.

Crown 8vo. 136 pages. Illustrations printed on Art Paper. A Splendid
Series of Stories for Adults.

For Coronet or Crown 1 By Grace Pettman.

Friend or Foe .? By S. E. Burrow.

Nance Kennedy. By L. T. Meade.

Robert Mtisgrave's Adventure : a story of Old Geneva. By

Deborah Alcock. ,

The Taming of the Rancher : a Story of Western Canada.

I By Argyll Saxby.

"Noodle": From Barrack Room to Mission Field. By S. E.
Burrow.

The Lamp in the Window. By Florence E. Bone.

Out of the Fog. By Rev. J. Isabell, F.E.S.

Fern Dacre ; A Minster Yard Story. By E;thel Ruth Boddy.

Through Sorrow and Joy : a Protestant Story. By M. A. R.

A Brother's Need. By l. S. Mead.

Is. each net.

Crown 8vo. 792 pages. Stiff Paper Covers, 7s. each net. Cloth Boards.
7s. 6d. each net. ■ {Not Illustrated).

Partridge's Temperance Reciter.
Partridge's Reciter of Sacred and Religious Pieces.
Partridge's Popular Reciter, old Favourites and New.
Partridge's Humorous Reciter.

By S. W. Partridge & Co.. Lid. 23

is. G3.Cri ifontinmd).

Cheap Reprints of Popular Books for the Toung.

\ Crown 8vo. 160 pages. Illustrated. Cloth Boards, 1s. each.

Jack, the Story of a Scapegrace. By E. M. Bryant.
Patsie's Bricks. By L. S. Mead.
Kathleen ; or, A Maiden's Influence. By Julia Hack.
Hef Bright To-morrow. By Laura A. Barter-Snow.
Patsy's Schooldays; or, The Mystery Baby. By Alice M. Pagei
A Red Brick Cottage. By Lady Hope.
Dick's Chum. By M. A. PauU.

Mousey ; or. Cousin Robert's Treasure. By E. H. Stooke.
Carola's Secret. By Ethel F. Heddle.
The Golden Doors. By M. S. Haycraft.
Marigold's Fancies. By L. E. Tiddeman. ,

The Thane of the Dean. A Story of the Time of the Conqueror.
By Tom Bevan.

Nature's Mighty Wonders. By Rev. Richard Newton.
Hubert Ellerdale : A Tale of the Days of Wicliffe. By W.

Oak Rhind.
Our Phyllis. By M. S. Haycraft.
The Maid of the Storm. A Story of a Cornish Village. By

Nellie Cornwall.
Philip's Inheritance ; or, Into a Far Country. By F. Spenser.
The Lady of the Chine. By M. S. Haycraft.
In the Bonds of Silence. By J. L. Hornibrook.
A String of Pearls. By E. F. Pollard.

Hoyle's Popular Ballads and Recitations. By WilHam Hoyle.
Heroes All ! A Book of Brave Deeds. By C. D. Michael.
The Old Red Schoolhouse. By Frances H. Wood.
Christabel's Influence. By J. Goldsmith Cooper.
Deeds of Daring. , By C. D. Michael.
Everybody's Friend. By Evelyn Everett-Green.
The Bell Buoy. By F. M. Holmes.

Vic, : A Book of Animal Stories. By A. C. Fryer, Ph.D., F.S.A.
In Friendship's Name. By Lydia Phillips.
Nella ; or, Not My Own. By Jessie Goldsmith Cooper.
Blossom and Blight. By M. A. Paull.
Aileen. By Laura A. Barter-Snow.
Satisfied. By Catherine Trowbridge.
Ted's Trust. By Jennie Chappell.
A Candle Lighted by the Lord. By Mrs. E. Ross.

24 Catalogue of Books Published

Is. G3,Cn {continued).
CHEAP REPRINTS OF POPULAR BOOKS FOR THE YOUNG.

(continued) .

Alice Western's Blessing. By Ruth Lamb.

Tamsin Rosewarne and Her Burdens. By Nellie Cornwall.

Raymond and Bertha. By Lytiia Phillips.

Gerald's Dilemma. By Emma Leslie.

Fine Gold ; or, Ravenswood Courtenay. By Emma Marshall.

Marigold. By Mrs. L. T. Meade. '

Jack's Heroism. By Edith C. Kenyon.

Her Two Sons : A Story for Young Men and Maidens. By

Mrs. Charles Garnett. ,

Rag and Tag. By Mrs. E. J. ^yhittaker.
The Little Princess of Tower Hill. By L. T. Meade.
Clovie and Madge. By Mrs. G. S. Reaney.
Ellerslie House : A Book for Boys. By Emma Leslie.
Like a Little Candle; or, Bertrand's Influence. By Mrs.

Haycraft.

The Dairyman's Daughter. By Legh Richmond.
Bible Jewels. By Rev. Dr. Newton.
Bible Wonders. By the same Author.

The Pilgrim's' Progress. By John Bunyan. 416 pages. Eight
coloured and 46 other Illustrations.

Our Duty to Animals. By Mrs. C. Bray.

Everyone^s Library.

A re-issue of Standard Works in a cheap form, containing from 320 to
500 pages, printed in the best style, with lUusirations on art paper,
and tastefully bound in Cloth Boards. Is. each.

Harold : The Last of the Saxon Kings,_ By Bulwer Lytton.
Mrs. Overtheway's Remembrances. By Juliana Horatia

Ewing.
Self Help : illustrations of Character and Conduct. By Samuel

Smiles.
Ei-ic : or. Little by Little. By F. W. Farrar.
St. Winifred's, fiy the same Author.
The Fairy Book : Fairy Stories Retold Anew. By Mrs. Craik, '

Author of "John Halifax, Gentleman."

By S. W. Partridge & Co., Ltd. 25

{contimied).

Is. each

EVERYONE'S LIBRARY {continued).

Ben Hur. By Lew Wallace.
Adam Bede. By George Eliot.

The Schonberg-Cotta Family. By Mrs. Rundle Charles.
Reminiscences of a Highland Parish, By Norman Macleod.
The Strait Gate. By Annie S. Swan.
Mark Desborough's Vow. By Annie S. Swan.
From Log Cabin to White House. By W. M. Thayer.
The Gorilla Hunters. By R. M. Ballantyne.
Naomi ; or, The Last Days of Jerusalem. By Mrs. Webb.
The Starling. By Norman Macleod.
The Children of the New Forest. By Captain Marryat.
Danesbury House. By Mrs. Henry Wood.
Granny's Wonderful Chair. By Frances Browne.
Here ward the Wal<e. By Charles Kingsley.
The Heroes. By Charles Kingsley.
Ministering Children. By M. L. Charlesworth.
Ministering Children : A Sequel. By the same Author.
Peter the Whaler. By W. H. G. Kingston.,
The Channings. By Mrs. Henry Wood.
Melbourne House. By Susan Warner.
Alice in Wonderland. By Lewis Carroll.
The Lamplighter. By Miss Cummins.
What Katy Did. By Susan Coolidge.
Stepping Heavenward. By E. Prentiss.
Westward Ho ! By Charles Kingsley.
The Water Babies. By the same Author.
The Swiss Family Robinson.
Grimm's Fairy Tales. By the Brothers Grimm.
The Coral Island. By R. M. Ballantyne.
Hans Andersen's Fairy Tales.
■ John Halifax, Gentleman. By Mrs. Craik.

Little Women and Good Wives. By Louisa lil. Alcott.

Tom Brown's Schooldays. By an Old Boy.

The Wide, ,Wide World. By Susan Warner.

Life and Adventures of Robinson Crusoe. By Daniel Defoe.

Uncle Tom's Cabin. By H. B. Stowe.

The Old Lieutenant and His Son. By Norman Macleod.

26 Catalogue of -Books Published

Is. G3.cn (continued).

New Series of One Shilling Picture Books.

Size lOi by 8 inches. 96 pages. Coloured Frontispiece and numerous other
illustrations. Handsomely bound in Paper Boards, covers printed in 10
colours and varnished.

Pictures from Playland. By Aunt Ethel.

Merry Moments. By Uncle Maurice.

Snowflake's Picture Book. By Uncle Maurice.

Daisyland ! A Picture Book for Boys and Girls. By Aunt Ruth.

Playmates. By Uncle Maurice.

Frolic and Fun : Pictures and Stories for Everyone. By Aunt

Ruth.
My Dollies' A. B.C. By Uncle Jack. - J

Merry Madcaps ! By Aunt Ruth.
By the Silver Sea. By R. V.
Funny Folk in Animal Land. By Uncle Frank.
A Trip to Storyland. By R. V.
Holiday Hours in Animal Land. By Uncle Harry.
Animal Antics ! By the Author of " In Animal Land with Louis ,

Wain."
In Animal Land with Louis Wain,

Scripture Picture Books.

Old Testament Heroes. By Mildred Duff.
Feed My Lambs. Fifty-two Bible stories and Pictures. By the
Author of ' ' The Friends of Jesus. ' '

Bible Pictures and Stories : old Testament. By D.J.D.
Bible Pictures and Stories : New Testament. By James

Weston and D.J.D.
The Life O'f Jesus, By Mildred Duff, iia pages.
Gentle Jesus. A Bible Picture Book, beautifully printed in
colours, with descriptive letterpress.

Commendations from all parts of the world have reached
Messrs. S. W. Cartridge & Co. upon the excellence of their
Picture Books. The reading matter is high-toned, helpful, and
amusing, exactly adapted to the requirements of young folks ;
while the Illustrations are by first-class artists, and the paper is
thick and durable. Bound in attractive coloured covers, they
form a unique series.

By S. W. Partridge & Co., Ltd. 27

9d. each.

Ninepenny Series of Illustrated Books.

96 pages, CrottAi 8vo. Illustrated. Handsome Cloth Covers.

Daring and Doing : True Stories of Brave Deeds. By Mrs.
Crosbie-Brown .

The Children of Cherryholme. By M. S. Haycraft.

Twice Saved ! By E. M. Waterworth.

Willie's Battles and How He Won Them. By E. M. KendreW.

Into a Sunlit Harbour. By M. I. Hurrell.

Dick Lionheart By Mary Rowles Jarvis.

A Regular Handful : or, Ruthie's Charge. By Jennie Chappell.

Little Bunch's Charge ; or, True to Trust. By Nellie Cornwall.

Mina's Sacrifice ; or. The Old Tambourine. By Helen Sawer.

Our Den. By E. M. Waterworth.

Only a Little Fault ! By Emma LesHe.

Marjory; or, What would Jesus Do ? By Laura A. Barter- Snow.

The Little Slave Girl. By Eileen Douglas.

Out of the Straight ; or, The Boy who Failed and the Boy

who Succeeded. By Noel Hope.
Bob and Bob's Baby. By Mary E. Lester.
Grandmother's Child. By Annie S. Swan.
The Little Captain : A Temperance Tale. By Lynde Palmer,
Love's Golden Key. By Mary E. Lester.
Mystery of Marnie. By Jennie Chappell.

Caravan Cruises : Five Children in a Caravan. By Phil Ludlow.
Secrets of the Sea. By Cicely Fulcber.
For Lucy's Sake. By Annie S. Swan.
Giants and How to Fight Them. By Dr. Newton.
How Paul's Penny became a Pound. By Mrs. Bowen.
How Peter's Pound became a Penny. By the same Author.
A Sailor's Lass. By Emma Leslie.
Robin's Golden Deed. By Ruby Lynn.
Dorothy's Trust. By Adela Frances Mount.
His Majesty's Beggars. By Mary E. Ropes.
Polly's Hymn ; or, Travelling Days. By J. S. Woodhouse.
Frank Burleigh: or, Chosen to be a Soldier. By Lydia

Phillips.
Lost, Muriel ; or, A Little Girl's Influence. By C. J. A. Opper-

mann.
Kibbie & Co. By Jennie Chappell.

28 Catalogue of Books Published

C/Q. G3.Cri {continued).
NINEPENNY SERIE S OF ILLUSTRATED BOOKS {continued).

Brave Bertie. By Edith C. Kenyon.

Marjorie's Enemy : A Story of the Civil War of 1644. By Mrs.

Adams.
Lady Betty's Twins. By E. M. Waterworth.
A Venturesome Voyage. By F. Scarlett Potter.
Grannie's Treasures : and how they helped her. By L. E.

Tiddeman.

Faithful Friends. By C. A. Mercer.

Only Roy. By E. M. Waterworth and Jennie Chappell.

Aunt Armstrong's Money. By Jennie Chappell.

The Babes in the Basket ; or, Daph and Her Charge.

Birdie's Benefits ; or, A Little Child Shall Lead Them. By
Ethel Ruth Body.

Carol's Gift; or, "What Time I am Afraid I will Trust in
Thee." By Jennie Chappell..

Cripple George; or, God has a Plan for Every Man. A Tem-
perance Story. By John W. Kneeshaw.

Cared For; or, The Orphan Wanderers. By Mrs. C. E. Bowen.

A Flight with the Swallows. By Emma Marshall'.

The Five Cousins. By Emma Leslie.

How a Earthing Made a Fortune ; or, Honesty is the Best

Policy. By Mrs. C E. Bowen.
John Blessington's Enemy : A Story of Life in South Africa.
By E. Harcourt Barrage.

John Oriel's Start in Life. By Mary Howitt.

The Man of the Family. By Jennie Chappell.

Mattie's Home ; or, The Little Match-girl and her Friends.

Phil's Frolic By F. Scarlett Potter.

Rob and I ; or, By Courage and Faith. By C. A. Mercer.

Won from the Sea. By E. C. Phillips (Mrs. H. B. Looker).

6d. each.

Devotional Classics.

A New Series of Devotional Boohs by Standard Authors Well printed on
good paper. Size 6J by 4J inches. Beautifully bound in Clutli Boards, '
6d. each, net. ; Leather, 2s, each, net, [Not tllnstfated),

-The Imitation of Christ. By Thomas k Kempis.
The Holy War. By John Buuyan.

By S. W. Partridge & Co., Lid.

DQ. G3.cn {continued).
New Series of Sixpefjny Picture Books.

Crown 4to. With Coloiired Frontispiece and many other Illustrations,
Handsomely, hound m Paper Boards, with cdver printed m ten colours.

Our Tea Party ! By Aunt Ruth.

Little Miss Muffett. By Aunt Ethel.

Sunnylocl<'s Picture Bool<. By Aunt Ruth.

Ring 0' Roses. By Uncle Jack.

Two in a Tub ! By Aunt Ruth.

Little Tot's A.B.C. By Uncle Jack.

Full of Fun 1 Pictures and Stories for Everyone. By Uncle

Maurice.
Hide and Seek, stories for Every Day in the Week. By the

same Autlior.

Little Snowdrop's Bible Picture Book.
Sweet Stories Retold. A Bible Picture Book.
Bible Stories.

Stories of Old.
Sunday Stories.
Coming to Jesus.

Four Bible Picture Books with
coloured illustrations.

Mother's Sunday A.B.C. A Little Book of Bible Pictures,
which can be coloured by hand.

T/ie " Red Dave " Series.

New and Enlarged Edition.
Well
By, C. F.

"Be Prepared!'

Argyll-Saxby.
A Double Victory. The Story

of a Knight Errant, By Maiu'ice

Partridge.
Minnie's Birthday Story ; or,

What the Brook Said. By Mrs.

Bowen.
Elsie's Sacrifice. By Nora C.

Usher.
Timfy Sikes : Gentleman. By

Kent Carr.
-Greypaws : The Astonishing Ad-
ventures of a Field Mouse. By Paul

Creswick.
The Sqoire's Yodng Folk. By
'^ gleanora i^. Stook^.

Hiindsomely bound in Cloth Boards.
Illustrated.

The Christmas Children : A
Story of the Marshes. By Dorothea
Moore,

The Little Woodman and his
Dog Cffisar. By Mrs,_Sherwood,

Brave ■ Toviak. By Arf;yll-
Saxby.

The Adventures of Phyllis.

By Mabel Bowler,
A Plucky Chap, By Louie

Slade,
Farthing Dips ; or What can I

do ? By J. S, Woodhouse,
Roy Carpenter's Lesson. By

Keith Marlow,
Gerald's Guardian, By Charles

Herbeff.

30.

Catalogue of Books Published

6d. each (continued).

THE ■■ RED DAVE " SERIES {continued.)

Where a Queen once Dwelt.
By Jetta Vogel.

Buy Your own Cherries.

Left in Charge, and other
Stories.

Two Little Girls and What
They did.

The Island Home.

Chrissy's Treasure.

Dick and His Donkey.

Come Home, Mother.

" Roast Pot atoes !' ■ A Temper-
ance Story. By Rev. S. N. Sedg-
wick, M.A.

Red Dave : or What Wilt Thou
( have Me to do ?

Almost Lost. By Amethyst.

Jepthah's Lass. By Dorothea
, Moore.

Kitty KIng. By Mrs. H. C.
Knight,

The Duck Family Robinson.
By A. M. T.

His Captain. By Constancia
Sergeant.

" In a Minute ! " By Keith Mar-
low.

Wilful Jack. By M.T. Hurrell,

Willie THE Waif. By Miuie
Herbeirt.

A Little Town Mouse.

Puppy-Dog Tales.

,A Threefold Promise.

The Four Young Musicians.

A Sunday Trip and What i ame
, of It. By E. J. Roinanes.

Little Tim and His Picture,-
By Beatrice Way.

The Conjurer's Wand. By
Henrietta S. Streatfelld.

Benjamin's New Boy.

Enemies : a Tale for Little Lads

and Lassies.

Cherry Tree Place.

Joe and Sally : or, A Good Deed

and its Fruits.
Lost in the Snow.
Jessie Dyson.

4d. each.

The Young, Folds' Library

Of Cloth Bound Books. With Coloured Frontispiece. 64 pages.
Well Illustrated.^ Handsome Cloth Covers.

Little Jack Thrush.
A Little Boy's Toys.
The Pearly Gates.
The Little Woodman.
Ronald's Reason.
At {5rig{it IpK/i,

Sybil and her Live Snowball.

The Church Mouse.

Dandy Jim.

A Troublesome Trio.

Perry's Pilgrimage.

MiTA ; 01^1 ARjong the Brigaij45

By S. W. Partridge & Co., Ltd.

3d. each.

New " Pretty Gift Book " S eries.

With Beautiful Coloured Frontispiece, and many other Illnstrations.

Paper Boards, Cover printed in sight Colours and Varnished, 3d. each.

Size, 6 by 5 inches.

Jack and Jill's PicinRE Book.

Ladv - Bird's Pictures and

\ Stories.
Playtime Joys for Girls and

' Boys.
Dolly's Picture Book.

By the Sea.

Toby and Kit's Animal Book.
"Pets" and "Pickles."
Our Little Pets' Alphabet.
Bible Stories-Old Testament.
Bible Stories-New Testament.

Paternoster Series of Popular Stories.

An entirety New Series of Books, Medium Svo.in sine, 32 pages, fully Illustrated.
Cover daintily printed in two Colours, Id. each. Titles as follows :

"Noodle!" From Barrack Room

to Mission Field. By S. E. Burrow.
Two Little Girls and What

they DiA By T. S. Artliur.
The Little Captain. By Lynde

Palmer.
Tri'E Stories of Brave Deeds.

By Mabel Bowler.
Alice in Wonderland.
The Dairyman's Daughter.
Robin's Golden Deed. By

Ruby Lynn.
The Basket of Flowers.
Buy Your Own Cherries. By

John Kirton.
Jennett Cragg : A Story of the

Time of the Plague. By M. Wrigh't.
Rae and His Friends. By Dr.

John Brown.
The Scarred Hand. By Ellen

Thorneycroft Fowler,
The Gipsy Queen. By Emma

A Candle Light'ed by the Lord.
By Mrs. Ross.

Grandmother's Child. By

Annie S. Swan. (

The Babes in the Basket ; or,

Daph and her Charge.

Jenny's Geranium ; or, The
Prize Flower of a London Court.

The Little Princess of Tuwer

Hill. By L. T. Meadel
Through Sorrow and Joy. By

M. A. R.

The Little Woodman and his
Dog Caesar. By Mrs. Sherwood.

Cripple George. By J. W
Kneeshaw.

Rob and I. By C. A. Mercer.

Dick AND his Donkey. By Mrs.

Bowen.
f he LlQH'y of 5^jE QOSPS^.

32 S. W. Partridge & Co.'s Catalogue.

THE BRITISH WORKMfiH One Penny Monthly.

HMD HOME MOHTHLY. is. 6d. per annum postfree.

Beautifully Illustrated. Annual Volume now ready.

The Right Hon. Thomas Burt, 'P.C, M.P., says: — "It is gratifying to s«e that
your paper is so highly appreciated by, worliing men — as it certainly deserves to be. I
should like to see THE BRITISH WORKMAN in the home of every working man."

A well-known Bishop writes : — " The contents are admirs^ble."

" Its articles have still the old true ring about them," says one who has read THE
BRITISH WORKMAN tor nearly half a century.

" Few books will be so popular as this old friend." — British Weekly, Nov. 3, 1910.

THE FAMILY FRIEND : An illustrated Magazine (or every home

One Penny Monthly; is. 6d. per annum, post free anywhere.

THE FAMILY FRIEND has published some of the best work of
Annie S. Swan, Silas K. Hocking, Lillias Campbell Davidson,
Katherine Tynan, Morice Gerard, Evelyn Everett-Gheen,
Scott Graham, and others. It is a companion and a help-meet for
every mpther ; and the growing girl will delight in it.

A MAGAZINE THAT GOES ALL OVER THE WORLD.

THE CHILDREN'S FRIEND. One Penny Monthly.

IS. 8d. per annum, post free anywhere.

" I really think the C.F. gets more wonderful every month, and I would never think
of giving up taking it." — Stamford. Feb,, igii.

" I have taken in the C.F. for five years, ever since I was just nine years old, and I
think it gets nicer every year." — Maisemore (Glos.), Feb., igii.

" 1 have taken in the C.F, for nearly six years, and it always has been, and always
will be, my favourite magazine." — Rugby, March, igti.

"We have tried a few other periodicals, but the C.F. stands supreme. I feel I cannot
do enough for it ; it has done so much for me." — A Sc©ttish Reader, March, igii.

THE FRIENDLY VISITOR. One Penny Monthly.

A Magazine for the people, full of entertaining reading with sound
religious teaching in the form of story, article, and poem. Printed in
good type and fully illustrated. Just the paper for "the Quiet Hour."

THE INFANTS' MAGAZINE. One Penny Monthly.

No other periodical can be compared with THE INFANTS'
MAGAZINE for freshness, brightness, and interest. Full of clever
pictures and merry reading to delight and instruct the little ones.
Easy Painting and Drawing Competitions.

THE BAND OF HOPE REVIEW. id. Monthly.

The Leading Temperance Periodical for the Young, containing Serial
and Short Stories, Concerted Recitations, Prize Competitions, etc.
Should be in the hands of all Band of Hope Members.

Tbese Magazines are published in beautifnlly bound Annual Volumes,
at prices ranging from Is. to 2s. 6d.

§l>ecimen Copes Post Free of §. W. P^RTRIDQE & CO., Lt^., Loodon, ^.f,

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